1. know the definitions of the following terms: government, democracy, dictatorship, autocracy, oligarchy, sovereignty, thomas hobbes, john locke, bicameral, articles of confederation, popular sovereignty, rule of law, separation of powers, judicial review, checks and balances, federalism, amendment, bill of rights, supremacy clause, implied powers.
2. identify the four characteristics of state.
3. identify the four origin theories of state.
4. what are the three basic powers of government?
5. where did democracy originate?
6. what are the concepts of democracy?
7. identify the colonial policies practiced by great britain.
8. what two british documents limited government? when were they written?
9. why is the constitution known as a bundle of compromises? what were the three main compromises of the us constitution?
10. what were the two plans that formed the basis for the constitution?
11. what are the three parts of the constitution? how many articles? how many amendments?
12. identify the six goals of the us listed in the preamble to the constitution.
13. explain expressed, implied, and inherent powers of government. give examples of each.
14. how does the supremacy clause resolve conflict between state governments and the national government?
15. identify the full faith and credit clause and the privileges and immunities clause. how do they help regulate relations among the states?
16. explain the ways in which the us constitution can be amended. why would the framers want to make the process difficult, but not impossible?

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# Brief Explanations:
1. **Terms Definitions**: Government is an organization that makes and enforces laws for a society. Democracy is a system where people have a say in governance. Dictatorship is rule by a single dictator. Autocracy is absolute rule by one person. Oligarchy is rule by a small group. Sovereignty is supreme power. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are political philosophers. Bicameral refers to a two - chamber legislature. The Articles of Confederation was an early US governing document. Popular sovereignty means power lies with the people. Rule of law ensures laws are applied equally. Separation of powers divides government into branches. Judicial review allows courts to check laws' constitutionality. Checks and balances prevent one branch from having too much power. Federalism is a system of shared power between levels of government. Amendment is a change to a document. Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments to the US Constitution. Supremacy Clause makes federal law supreme. Implied powers are not explicitly stated but are necessary.
2. **Characteristics of State**: Population, territory, government, and sovereignty.
3. **Origin Theories of State**: Divine - right theory (state is ordained by God), force theory (state formed by conquest), social - contract theory (people agree to form a state), and evolutionary theory (state evolved from family units).
4. **Basic Powers of Government**: Legislative (makes laws), executive (enforces laws), and judicial (interprets laws).
5. **Origin of Democracy**: Ancient Greece, particularly in Athens.
6. **Concepts of Democracy**: Rule by the people, equality of all citizens before the law, majority rule with minority rights, free and fair elections.
7. **British Colonial Policies**: Mercantilism (favorable trade balance), plantation system (agricultural production with slave labor), and administrative control over colonies.
8. **British Documents Limiting Government**: Magna Carta (1215) and the Bill of Rights (1689).
9. **Constitution as a Bundle of Compromises**: Compromises were needed to balance different interests. The three main compromises were the Great Compromise (bicameral legislature with different representation in each house), the Three - Fifths Compromise (counting slaves for population and representation), and the Electoral College Compromise (method of electing the president).
10. **Plans for the Constitution**: The Virginia Plan (favored large states with proportional representation) and the New Jersey Plan (favored small states with equal representation).
11. **Parts of the Constitution**: Preamble, Articles, and Amendments. There are 7 articles and 27 amendments.
12. **Goals in the Preamble**: To form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty.
13. **Powers of Government**: Expressed powers are explicitly stated in the Constitution (e.g., Congress has the power to tax). Implied powers are derived from expressed powers (e.g., building a national bank). Inherent powers are held by the national government simply because it is a sovereign state (e.g., making treaties with other countries).
14. **Supremacy Clause**: It states that federal law is the supreme law of the land. When there is a conflict between state and federal law, federal law prevails.
15. **Full Faith and Credit Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause**: The Full Faith and Credit Clause requires states to recognize public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states. The Privileges and Immunities Clause prohibits states from discriminating against out - of - state residents. They help regulate relations among states by promoting uniformity and non - discrimination.
16. **Amending the US Constitution**: Amendments can be proposed by a two - thirds vote in both houses of Congress or by a convention called by two - thirds of the states. Amendments must be ratified by three - fourths of the states. The Framers made it difficult but not impossible to ensure stability while allowing for necessary changes.
# Answer:
1. Definitions provided above.
2. Population, territory, government, sovereignty.
3. Divine - right, force, social - contract, evolutionary.
4. Legislative, executive, judicial.
5. Ancient Greece (Athens).
6. Rule by the people, equality, majority rule with minority rights, free and fair elections.
7. Mercantilism, plantation system, administrative control.
8. Magna Carta (1215), Bill of Rights (1689).
9. Compromises balanced interests. Great Compromise, Three - Fifths Compromise, Electoral College Compromise.
10. Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan.
11. Preamble, Articles, Amendments. 7 articles, 27 amendments.
12. Form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, secure the Blessings of Liberty.
13. Expressed (e.g., power to tax), Implied (e.g., building a national bank), Inherent (e.g., making treaties).
14. Federal law prevails over state law in case of conflict.
15. Full Faith and Credit Clause: recognize other states' acts. Privileges and Immunities Clause: no discrimination against out - of - state residents. Regulate state relations.
16. Proposed by two - thirds vote in Congress or state convention, ratified by three - fourths of states. To ensure stability and allow for change.

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