lesson 1.1
1. what is the difference between an observation and inference?
2. give an example of an observation.
3. given an example of an inference.
4. what are the five characteristics of living things?
5. how many of the characteristics listed above does something need to have in order to be considered living?
lesson 1.2
6. what are the levels of multicellular organization in order from smallest to largest?
7. how are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells?
8. what is the function of the nucleus?
9. what is the function of the cell membrane?
10. what is the function of ribosomes?
11. what is the function of mitochondria?
12. be able to identify the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes in an animal cell diagram.
lesson 1.3
13. identify another organelle that was not listed in question #12.
lesson 1.4
14. what is the function of the cell membrane?
15. what molecules make up the cell membrane?
16. which part of the phospholipids are hydrophilic and which part are hydrophobic? how does this influence the structure of the cell membrane?
17. draw and label a diagram that shows the cell membrane and the different molecules that form it.
lesson 1.5
18. what are the four types of macromolecules?
19. what is the function of each type of macromolecule?
20. what is the monomer and polymer of each macromolecule?
lesson 1.6
21. how do we get the macromolecules we need from the food we eat?
lesson 1.7
22. be able to identify the different parts of a cer.
23. be able to write a cer in response to a question/prompt.
lesson 1.8
24. should viruses be considered living? why or why not?
25. be able to formulate a cer response when provided with data and other forms of evidence.
experimental design
26. what is an independent variable? be able to identify one when given a scenario.
27. what is a dependent variable? be able to identify one when given a scenario.
28. what is a controlled variable? be able to identify one when given a scenario.
29. what is a control group? why is it important?
30. be able to write a hypothesis when given a scenario.
honors #1
31. what is the function of the golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole, lysosome, vesicles, and cytoplasm in a cell?
32. what organelles are involved in protein production and delivery? how?
33. what would happen if certain organelles stopped functioning? give specific examples.
honors #2
34. what is a counterclaim? what should you include in a counterclaim?

Question

Accepted Answer

# Brief Explanations:
1. **Observation vs Inference**: An observation is a direct perception using the senses, like seeing a plant grow. An inference is a conclusion based on observations, e.g., inferring a plant is healthy because it's growing well.
2. **Example of Observation**: "I see the plant has grown taller" is an observation as it's a direct - sensed fact.
3. **Example of Inference**: "The plant is healthy because it has grown taller" is an inference as it's a conclusion from the observation.
4. **Characteristics of Living Things**: The five characteristics are organization (cells), metabolism (energy use), growth and development, response to stimuli, and reproduction.
5. **To be Considered Living**: All five characteristics are generally required for something to be considered living.
6. **Levels of Multicellular Organization**: Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
7. **Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells**: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane - bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and such organelles.
8. **Function of Nucleus**: Stores genetic information (DNA) and controls cell activities.
9. **Function of Cell Membrane**: Regulates what enters and leaves the cell, provides protection and support.
10. **Function of Ribosomes**: Synthesize proteins.
11. **Function of Mitochondria**: Produce ATP (energy) through cellular respiration.
12. **Identification in Diagram**: Requires visual identification skills of cell parts.
13. **Another Organelle**: Golgi apparatus is an example not listed in #12. It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
14. **Function of Cell Membrane (repeated)**: As above, regulates transport and provides protection.
15. **Cell Membrane Molecules**: Phospholipids make up the cell membrane.
16. **Phospholipid Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic**: The head of a phospholipid is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic. This creates a bilayer structure with the hydrophilic heads facing outward and the hydrophobic tails inward, which helps in the selective - permeability of the membrane.
17. **Cell Membrane Diagram**: A diagram should show a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
18. **Four Types of Macromolecules**: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
19. **Function of Macromolecules**: Carbohydrates provide energy, lipids store energy and are part of cell membranes, proteins have various functions like enzymes and structural support, and nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.
20. **Monomer and Polymer of Macromolecules**: Carbohydrates - monomer is monosaccharide, polymer is polysaccharide; Lipids - monomer is fatty acid and glycerol, polymer is triglyceride; Proteins - monomer is amino acid, polymer is polypeptide; Nucleic acids - monomer is nucleotide, polymer is nucleic acid.
21. **Getting Macromolecules from Food**: Through the digestive system, which breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used to build macromolecules in the body.
22 - 23. **CER (Claim - Evidence - Reasoning)**: CER is a framework for scientific argumentation. The claim is the answer to a question, evidence is data or facts, and reasoning explains how the evidence supports the claim.
24. **Viruses as Living**: Viruses are not considered living because they lack some of the characteristics of living things, such as metabolism and cellular structure on their own.
25. **Formulating CER with Evidence**: Involves using given data to support a claim and explain the reasoning.
26. **Independent Variable**: The variable that is changed or manipulated in an experiment.
27. **Dependent Variable**: The variable that is measured or observed and is affected by the independent variable.
28. **Controlled Variable**: Variables that are kept the same in an experiment to ensure that only the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
29. **Control Group**: A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or has the independent variable at a standard or baseline level. It is important for comparison to see the effect of the independent variable.
30. **Writing a Hypothesis**: A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
31. **Function of Organelles**: Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids; Endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER); Vacuole stores materials; Lysosome breaks down waste materials; Vesicles transport materials; Cytoplasm is the jelly - like substance that holds organelles and is the site of many chemical reactions.
32. **Protein Production and Delivery**: Organelles involved include ribosomes (synthesis), endoplasmic reticulum (folding and modification), Golgi apparatus (further modification and packaging), and vesicles (transport).
33. **Effect of Organelle Malfunction**: For example, if lysosomes stop functioning, waste would accumulate in the cell; if mitochondria stop functioning, the cell would lack energy.
34. **Counterclaim**: A counterclaim is an opposing claim to the original claim. It should include evidence and reasoning to support the opposing view.

# Answer:
1. Observation is direct - sensing, inference is conclusion from observation.
2. I see a plant has grown new leaves.
3. The plant is getting enough sunlight because it has grown new leaves.
4. Organization, metabolism, growth and development, response to stimuli, reproduction.
5. All five.
6. Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
7. Prokaryotic cells lack nucleus and membrane - bound organelles; eukaryotic cells have them.
8. Stores genetic information and controls cell activities.
9. Regulates transport and provides protection.
10. Synthesize proteins.
11. Produce ATP.
12. Requires visual identification.
13. Golgi apparatus; modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
14. Regulates transport and provides protection.
15. Phospholipids.
16. Head is hydrophilic, tail is hydrophobic; creates bilayer for selective permeability.
17. Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
18. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
19. Carbohydrates - energy; Lipids - energy storage and cell - membrane part; Proteins - various functions; Nucleic acids - genetic info storage/transmission.
20. Carbohydrates: monomer - monosaccharide, polymer - polysaccharide; Lipids: monomer - fatty acid and glycerol, polymer - triglyceride; Proteins: monomer - amino acid, polymer - polypeptide; Nucleic acids: monomer - nucleotide, polymer - nucleic acid.
21. Through the digestive system.
22 - 23. Claim is answer, evidence is data, reasoning explains evidence - claim link.
24. No, lack metabolism and cellular structure on their own.
25. Use given data for claim - evidence - reasoning.
26. Variable that is changed or manipulated.
27. Variable that is measured or observed and affected by independent variable.
28. Variables kept the same.
29. Group without treatment or at baseline; for comparison.
30. A testable prediction about variable relationship.
31. Golgi apparatus: modifies, sorts, packages; Endoplasmic reticulum: synthesizes proteins/lipids; Vacuole: stores materials; Lysosome: breaks down waste; Vesicles: transport materials; Cytoplasm: holds organelles, site of reactions.
32. Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles.
33. Waste accumulation if lysosomes stop; lack of energy if mitochondria stop.
34. Opposing claim with evidence and reasoning.

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