model 2 – attraction of water molecules
image of water molecules with weak attraction dotted lines
6. looking at your answers to questions 1 and 2 from model 1, tell what atoms are represented by:
a. the small, unshaded circles in model 2.
b. the larger gray shaded circles in model 2.
7. what do the solid lines between the small and large circles represent?
8. according to model 2, what is represented by the dotted lines?
9. remember that electrons in a water molecule are more dense around the oxygen atom and less dense around the hydrogen atoms.
a. what kind of charge would the oxygen atom have compared to the hydrogen atoms?
b. what kind of charge would the hydrogen atoms have compared to the oxygen?
10. describe the arrangement of the water molecules in model 2 with one another.
11. describe the cause of the attractions between molecules of water.
12. if another water molecule was added to the group in model 2 at the upper right side, which of its atoms would be connected to the existing molecule with a dotted line? describe your group’s reasoning.

Question

model 2 – attraction of water molecules
image of water molecules with weak attraction dotted lines
6. looking at your answers to questions 1 and 2 from model 1, tell what atoms are represented by:
   a. the small, unshaded circles in model 2.
   b. the larger gray shaded circles in model 2.
7. what do the solid lines between the small and large circles represent?
8. according to model 2, what is represented by the dotted lines?
9. remember that electrons in a water molecule are more dense around the oxygen atom and less dense around the hydrogen atoms.
   a. what kind of charge would the oxygen atom have compared to the hydrogen atoms?
   b. what kind of charge would the hydrogen atoms have compared to the oxygen?
10. describe the arrangement of the water molecules in model 2 with one another.
11. describe the cause of the attractions between molecules of water.
12. if another water molecule was added to the group in model 2 at the upper right side, which of its atoms would be connected to the existing molecule with a dotted line? describe your group’s reasoning.

Accepted Answer

### Question 6a
# Brief Explanations:
In a water molecule ($H_2O$), hydrogen atoms are smaller than oxygen atoms. The small, unshaded circles in the model of water molecules (Model 2) represent hydrogen atoms because hydrogen is smaller in size compared to oxygen, and in the water molecule structure, hydrogen atoms are bonded to the larger oxygen atom.
# Answer:
The small, unshaded circles in Model 2 represent hydrogen atoms.

### Question 6b
# Brief Explanations:
In a water molecule ($H_2O$), the oxygen atom is larger than the hydrogen atoms. The larger gray - shaded circles in the model of water molecules (Model 2) represent oxygen atoms as oxygen is the larger atom in the water molecule and forms the central part of the water molecule structure with hydrogen atoms bonded to it.
# Answer:
The larger gray - shaded circles in Model 2 represent oxygen atoms.

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
In a water molecule ($H_2O$), the solid lines between atoms represent covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons. In the water molecule, each hydrogen atom shares electrons with the oxygen atom, and the solid lines between the small (hydrogen) and large (oxygen) circles represent these covalent bonds that hold the hydrogen and oxygen atoms together within a single water molecule.
# Answer:
The solid lines between the small and large circles represent covalent bonds (the bonds that hold the hydrogen and oxygen atoms together within a water molecule).

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
The dotted lines in Model 2 (which shows the attraction of water molecules) represent hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak attractive forces that occur between the partially positive hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the partially negative oxygen atom of another water molecule. These are the weak attractions between different water molecules as indicated by the label "Weak attraction" next to the dotted lines.
# Answer:
The dotted lines represent hydrogen bonds (weak attractive forces between water molecules).

### Question 9a
# Brief Explanations:
Electrons in a water molecule are more dense around the oxygen atom. Since electrons are negatively charged, an atom with a higher electron density will have a partial negative charge. So, compared to the hydrogen atoms, the oxygen atom will have a partial negative charge because it has more electron density (more of the negatively - charged electrons are around it).
# Answer:
The oxygen atom would have a partial negative charge compared to the hydrogen atoms.

### Question 9b
# Brief Explanations:
As electrons are more dense around the oxygen atom, the hydrogen atoms have less electron density. Since electrons are negatively charged, the hydrogen atoms, having less electron density, will have a partial positive charge compared to the oxygen atom (which has a partial negative charge due to higher electron density).
# Answer:
The hydrogen atoms would have a partial positive charge compared to the oxygen atom.

### Question 10
# Brief Explanations:
In Model 2, the water molecules are arranged such that the partially positive hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are oriented towards the partially negative oxygen atoms of other water molecules. This arrangement is due to the hydrogen bonding between the molecules. The molecules are connected through these weak hydrogen bonds (dotted lines) and are arranged in a way that maximizes the hydrogen - bonding interactions, with the oxygen of one molecule near the hydrogens of adjacent molecules.
# Answer:
The water molecules in Model 2 are arranged such that the partially positive hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted (via hydrogen bonds) to the partially negative oxygen atoms of neighboring water molecules. The molecules are connected in a network - like structure with hydrogen bonds (dotted lines) between them, and the orientation of the molecules is such that the hydrogen atoms of one molecule are near the oxygen atoms of other molecules.

### Question 11
# Brief Explanations:
The attractions between water molecules are caused by hydrogen bonding. Water molecules are polar, with the oxygen atom having a partial negative charge and the hydrogen atoms having partial positive charges. The partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom of one water molecule is attracted to the partial negative charge on the oxygen atom of another water molecule. This electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged regions of different water molecules results in the hydrogen bonds (the attractions between water molecules).
# Answer:
The attractions between water molecules are caused by hydrogen bonding. The polar nature of water molecules (oxygen has a partial negative charge, hydrogen has a partial positive charge) leads to electrostatic attraction between the partially positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the partially negative oxygen of another water molecule.

### Question 12
# Brief Explanations:
When adding a new water molecule to the upper - right side of the group in Model 2, the hydrogen atom of the new water molecule would be connected to the existing molecule with a dotted line (hydrogen bond). The existing molecule at the upper - right has an oxygen atom (with a partial negative charge). The new water molecule has hydrogen atoms with partial positive charges. Due to the nature of hydrogen bonding (attraction between partial positive hydrogen and partial negative oxygen), the hydrogen atom of the new water molecule will be attracted to the oxygen atom of the existing molecule at the upper - right, and thus a dotted line (hydrogen bond) will form between the hydrogen of the new molecule and the oxygen of the existing molecule.
# Answer:
The hydrogen atom of the new water molecule would be connected to the existing molecule (at the upper - right) with a dotted line. Reasoning: The existing molecule at the upper - right has an oxygen atom with a partial negative charge. The new water molecule has hydrogen atoms with partial positive charges. Hydrogen bonds form between the partially positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the partially negative oxygen of another water molecule, so the hydrogen of the new molecule will be attracted to the oxygen of the existing molecule, forming a hydrogen bond (dotted line).

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QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

Question 6a

Answer:

Question 6b