name ar deuson henriquez period 2
reading guide - atp and cell respiration
section 9.1 - energy and life (pg.294)
1 the ability to do work is called energy.
2. the main molecule cells use to store and release energy is atp
3 atp releases energy when its chemical bond is broken.
4. the portion of atp that is removed to release energy is a phosphate group.
5. when atp loses a phosphate group, it becomes adp
6. look at figure 9-2:
a. when adp is present was energy used or stored? stored
b. when atp is present was energy used or stored? used
section 10.1 (pages 322-325)
chemical energy and food
7. the energy that living cells use is stored in the chemical bonds of food
8. the unit of energy used to measure food energy is called a
9. a single food calorie on a nutrition label is actually a 1000 calories.
10. organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms are called
overview of cellular respiration
11. cellular respiration is the process that converts energy from in the presence
of .
12. why doesn’t cell respiration occur in one step?
13. look at figure 10-1:
a. what are the 3 stages of cell respiration?
b. which stage occurs outside the mitochondrion?
c. where is most atp produced?
comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration
14. photosynthesis “deposits” energy, while cellular respiration “ ” energy.
15. photosynthesis removes from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back.

Question

name ar deuson henriquez period 2
reading guide - atp and cell respiration
section 9.1 - energy and life (pg.294)
1 the ability to do work is called energy.
2. the main molecule cells use to store and release energy is atp
3 atp releases energy when its chemical bond is broken.
4. the portion of atp that is removed to release energy is a phosphate group.
5. when atp loses a phosphate group, it becomes adp
6. look at figure 9-2:
   a. when adp is present was energy used or stored? stored
   b. when atp is present was energy used or stored? used
section 10.1 (pages 322-325)
chemical energy and food
7. the energy that living cells use is stored in the chemical bonds of food
8. the unit of energy used to measure food energy is called a
9. a single food calorie on a nutrition label is actually a 1000 calories.
10. organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms are called
overview of cellular respiration
11. cellular respiration is the process that converts energy from  in the presence
    of .
12. why doesn’t cell respiration occur in one step?
13. look at figure 10-1:
    a. what are the 3 stages of cell respiration?
    b. which stage occurs outside the mitochondrion?
    c. where is most atp produced?
comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration
14. photosynthesis “deposits” energy, while cellular respiration “ ” energy.
15. photosynthesis removes  from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back.

Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
The ability to do work is a fundamental concept in biology (and physics) related to energy. The term for the ability to do work is energy.
# Answer:
energy

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
In cellular biology, the main molecule cells use to store and release energy is ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This is a key concept in cell energy metabolism.
# Answer:
ATP

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) releases energy when its high - energy phosphate bond is broken. Specifically, it's the terminal (or third) phosphate bond that is broken to release energy, and the bond type involved is a chemical bond (more precisely, a phosphoanhydride bond).
# Answer:
phosphate (or high - energy phosphate)

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
When ATP releases energy, the portion that is removed is a phosphate group. ATP has three phosphate groups, and the removal of one phosphate group (along with the breaking of the associated bond) releases energy.
# Answer:
phosphate

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
When ATP (adenosine triphosphate) loses a phosphate group, it becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate). The reaction is ATP $
ightarrow$ ADP + $P_i$ (inorganic phosphate) + energy.
# Answer:
ADP

### Question 6a
# Brief Explanations:
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) can be converted back to ATP through the addition of a phosphate group, which requires energy input (such as in cellular respiration or photosynthesis). So when ADP is present, it means that energy is being stored (as ADP is being converted to ATP, storing energy in the new phosphate bond).
# Answer:
stored

### Question 6b
# Brief Explanations:
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is used by cells to do work. When ATP is present, it can break its phosphate bond to release energy, which is then used for cellular processes. So when ATP is present, energy has been used (in the sense that ATP is ready to release energy for work, or has been produced by storing energy which can now be used).
# Answer:
used

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
Living cells use energy that is stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules (such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins). These molecules are broken down in cellular processes to release energy.
# Answer:
food (or food molecules, or organic molecules)

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
The unit of energy used to measure food energy is a calorie (or kilocalorie, often denoted as Calorie with a capital C on nutrition labels). A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
# Answer:
calorie (or kilocalorie)

### Question 9
# Brief Explanations:
A single food Calorie (with a capital C) on a nutrition label is actually 1000 small - c calories (or 1 kilocalorie). This is a unit conversion in the context of food energy measurement.
# Answer:
1000

### Question 10
# Brief Explanations:
Organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms are called heterotrophs. Heterotrophs include animals, fungi, and many bacteria. Autotrophs, on the other hand, make their own food (e.g., plants through photosynthesis).
# Answer:
heterotrophs

### Question 11
# Brief Explanations:
Cellular respiration is the process that converts energy from food (or glucose, a common food - derived molecule) in the presence of oxygen (in aerobic respiration). The overall reaction of aerobic cellular respiration is $C_6H_{12}O_6+6O_2
ightarrow6CO_2 + 6H_2O+$ energy.
# Answer:
food (or glucose); oxygen

### Question 12
# Brief Explanations:
Cell respiration doesn't occur in one step because if it did, a large amount of energy would be released all at once, mostly as heat, and it would be difficult for the cell to capture and use that energy efficiently. By occurring in multiple steps (glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain), the cell can capture energy in a more controlled way, storing it in molecules like ATP at each step.
# Answer:
If cell respiration occurred in one step, too much energy would be released at once (mostly as heat), and the cell could not efficiently capture and use the energy. Instead, by occurring in multiple steps, energy can be captured in a controlled manner (e.g., stored in ATP) at each step.

### Question 13a
# Brief Explanations:
The three stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), and the electron transport chain (and oxidative phosphorylation). Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
# Answer:
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), Electron Transport Chain (and Oxidative Phosphorylation)

### Question 13b
# Brief Explanations:
Glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, occurs outside the mitochondrion, specifically in the cytoplasm of the cell. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur within the mitochondrion.
# Answer:
Glycolysis

### Question 13c
# Brief Explanations:
Most ATP is produced during the electron transport chain (and the associated oxidative phosphorylation) stage of cellular respiration. The electron transport chain creates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase to produce a large amount of ATP, much more than is produced in glycolysis or the Krebs cycle.
# Answer:
Electron Transport Chain (during Oxidative Phosphorylation, in the inner mitochondrial membrane)

### Question 14
# Brief Explanations:
Photosynthesis is a process that "deposits" energy (in the form of glucose, by converting light energy into chemical energy). Cellular respiration, on the other hand, "withdraws" (or "withdraws and uses") energy by breaking down glucose and other molecules to release energy for cellular work. It can also be described as "withdraws" or "uses" or "releases" energy.
# Answer:
withdraws (or uses, or releases)

### Question 15
# Brief Explanations:
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) from the atmosphere (using it to make glucose in the reaction $6CO_2 + 6H_2O
ightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6+6O_2$). Cellular respiration, in the process of breaking down glucose, produces carbon dioxide and releases it back into the atmosphere (the reaction is $C_6H_{12}O_6+6O_2
ightarrow6CO_2 + 6H_2O+$ energy).
# Answer:
carbon dioxide ($CO_2$)

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