Question

2 the nature of science (continued)
what is science?

• science is the use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena
• a hypothesis is a testable explanation of a situation or phenomena
• scientific inquiry is a process rooted in unbiased observations and investigation
• pseudoscience imitates science (does not provide science - based evidence)
• scientists challenge accepted theories, question results, test claims, and peer review other scientists’ research

classify each statement as a characteristic of a science, a pseudoscience, or both.

• makes unbiased observations
• often driven by cultural or commercial goals
• makes claims about the natural world
• physics
• astrology
• involves constant reevaluation of what is known
• research designed to justify existing knowledge
• discards observations that are not consistent with beliefs
• bases claims on a large amount of data
• uses peer review

science both pseudoscience

• makes unbiased observations

get it? explain why some people think all athletes are healthy.
get it? describe how observations that are not consistent with current scientific understanding should be treated.
get it? infer why scientists utilize peer reviews.

Explanation:

1. Science:

• Making unbiased observations is a key characteristic of scientific inquiry as it forms the basis of reliable evidence - gathering.
• Involving constant re - evaluation of what is known is part of the self - correcting nature of science.
• Physics is a well - established natural science that uses evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions.
• Basing claims on a large amount of data is typical of scientific research to ensure validity.
• Using peer review helps maintain the quality and integrity of scientific research by having other experts evaluate work.

1. Pseudoscience:

• Often being driven by cultural or commercial goals instead of objective evidence is a sign of pseudoscience.
• Making claims about the natural world without sufficient scientific evidence can be a pseudoscientific trait.
• Astrology is considered a pseudoscience as it lacks scientific evidence for its claims.
• Research designed to justify existing knowledge rather than test it objectively can be pseudoscientific.
• Discarding observations that are not consistent with beliefs goes against the scientific method and is a pseudoscientific behavior.

1. Explanation for why some people think all athletes are healthy: People may have this perception because athletes are often associated with physical activity, which is generally linked to good health. Also, the media often portrays athletes as healthy role - models, creating a stereotype.
2. Treatment of observations inconsistent with current scientific understanding: Such observations should be carefully re - examined. Scientists should not immediately discard them. Instead, they should be investigated further to see if they represent new discoveries or if there are errors in the observation or existing understanding.
3. Reason for scientists using peer reviews: Peer reviews help in identifying errors, biases, or flaws in research. It also provides an opportunity for new ideas and perspectives to be shared, and ensures that research meets the standards of the scientific community, enhancing the credibility of scientific findings.

for athletes' health perception**: People associate athletes with physical activity and media - created stereotypes.
Treatment of inconsistent observations: Re - examine carefully and investigate further.
Reason for peer reviews: To identify errors, share ideas, and ensure research credibility.

Answer:

Science: makes unbiased observations, involves constant reevaluation of what is known, physics, bases claims on a large amount of data, uses peer review
Pseudoscience: often driven by cultural or commercial goals, makes claims about the natural world (in the context of pseudoscience), astrology, research designed to justify existing knowledge, discards observations that are not consistent with beliefs