Question

persuasive appeals
an argumentative text is designed to convince an audience to agree with the writers point of view. evidence, or data, known as support, may be hard - facts, statistics, or details to support a writers claim. appeals with arguments strategically with that evidence in mind. elements of persuasion - such as appeals - are key characteristics of arguments.
here are three types of persuasion appeals that writers of arguments often use, either alone or in combination:
ethos appeal to authority: establishes and emphasizes the writers credibility or authority to address the subject. examples: halogenated substances reduce ozone in the atmosphere. charged language related to favor people based on race, color, or religion.
pathos appeal to emotions: engages the audiences feelings, generates a response, such as fear or enthusiasm. examples: hard evidence, logical structure, presentation of conclusions.
logos appeal to logic: applies reasoning and evidence to convince audience; for example, showing cause - and - effect relationships.
practice complete the activity and answer the questions.

1. (a) analyze in paragraphs 1 through 3, in what way does jefferson directly address or identify his audience? (b) make inferences which details in the text suggest that the actual target audience may be different from the stated audience? explain in paragraphs 1 - 3, the way jefferson identified his audience was by...
2. analyze read each passage from the text, identify the type of appeal it represents, and explain its likely effect on the audience.

example
to prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world (paragraph 3) - logos
he has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people (paragraph 27) - pathos
we, therefore, the representatives of the united states of america, in general congress assembled, appealing to the supreme judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions... (paragraph 33)

1. (a) analyze cite one more example each of a logical appeal and an emotional appeal that appear in the declaration. (b) synthesize what effect might the combination of appeals in the declaration have had on its original audience?

Explanation:

1. (a) In paragraphs 1 - 3 of the Declaration, Jefferson addresses a general audience that includes the British Crown, the people of the colonies, and the international community. He does this by stating the colonists' grievances in a formal and respectful - yet firm - tone.

• (b) The stated audience seems to be the British King and Parliament. However, the actual target audience may also be the colonists themselves to gain their support for independence and the international community to gain legitimacy. For example, by appealing to natural rights, he aims to convince the colonists of the justness of their cause and show the world that they are acting on principles.

2.

• "To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world" (paragraph 3) is a logos appeal. It presents the idea of using evidence to convince the audience, likely making them more likely to consider the colonists' case rationally.
• "He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people" (paragraph 27) is a pathos appeal. It stirs up emotions of anger and injustice among the audience, making them more sympathetic to the colonists' struggle.
• "We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions" (paragraph 31) is an ethos appeal. It establishes the credibility of the colonists as representatives of a nation - state appealing to a higher authority, which may make the audience view their actions as legitimate.

3.

• (a) A logical appeal: "The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world." It uses a claim - evidence structure.
• An emotional appeal: "He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions." It uses loaded words like "merciless" to evoke fear and anger.
• (b) The combination of logical, emotional, and ethical appeals in the Declaration would have likely had a powerful effect on the original audience. The logical appeals would have convinced the rational - minded, the emotional appeals would have roused the passions of the colonists, and the ethical appeals would have given the Declaration moral legitimacy in the eyes of the world.

Answer:

1. (a) Jefferson addresses the British Crown, colonists, and international community in paragraphs 1 - 3 by stating grievances formally.

• (b) Stated audience is British King/Parliament; actual may include colonists for support and international community for legitimacy.

1. "To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world" - Logos, makes audience consider case rationally; "He has plundered our seas..." - Pathos, stirs anger and injustice; "We, therefore..." - Ethos, establishes credibility.
2. (a) Logical: "The history of the present King..." Claim - evidence; Emotional: "He has excited domestic insurrections..." Uses loaded words.

• (b) Combination would powerfully convince rational - minded, rouse passions, and give moral legitimacy.