Question

the pioneer species of primary succession are:
flowers grasses
lichens and mosses
mammals and birds
birds and bugs

Explanation:

Primary succession occurs on newly formed, lifeless substrates (like bare rock). Pioneer species are the first organisms to colonize these harsh environments; they can survive without soil, break down rock to begin forming soil, and tolerate extreme conditions. Lichens and mosses fit this description, while the other options are either plants that require established soil or animals that depend on existing plant life.

Answer:

◆ lichens and mosses