Question

private needham roberts, private johnson made his mission to hold the line until help arrived. johnson battled with grenades, then used his rifle as a bat and finally went hand-to-hand with a bolo knife. johnson had taken out at least four german soldiers, wounded 30 others and took on at least 21 injuries. henry johnson and needham roberts were the first americans, black or white, to receive frances croix de guerre.when the 369th returned home, they arrived to cheers and parades. but after the celebrations ended, the hellfighters suffered the disappointment of remaining second-class citizens, subjected to racism, discrimination and segregation in the very country they had served and defended. its always difficult for military veterans who have the scars of brutal combat to transition to civilian life. still, for the hellfighters, their problems were heightened by racism in finding jobs, securing housing, and gaining respect.while the hellfighters achievements were awarded in france, they were largely ignored by their own country until recently. a purple heart was finally presented to private johnson posthumously(after his death) by president bill clinton in 1996. he received the medal of honor in 2015 from president barack obama, 97 years after his bravery on the battlefield. obama said in a speech while presenting the award: \his injuries left him crippled, he couldnt find work, his marriage fell apart, and in his early 30s he passed away. america cant change what happened to henry johnson, we cant change what happened to too many soldiers like him who went uncelebrated, because our nation judged them by the color of their skin and not the content of their character. but we can do our best to make it right.\the story of the hellfighters is one of bravery and service that helped change the tide of world war i, but perhaps more importantly, they aided in the combat of racial stereotypes at home and abroad.hellfighter: private henry johnsonpresident obama presents a medal ofhonor to command sgt. maj. louiswilson, for the 369th national guard, whois accepting on behalf of the u.s. armypfc. henry johnson, for actions whileserving in france during world war i1. how was the desire to enlist in the military different for african americans than white americans?2. who was the commander of the american expeditionary forces(aef)?3. what were two reasons for the transfer of the 369th to the french?1.2.4. jazz music was the most popular music in paris in the 1920s. how was the genre introduced to france?5. what famous jazz bandleader and composer led the 369th military band in europe?6. germanys last attempt to win the war came in 1918. what was battle called?7. what was the last major offensive battle the allies took against germany called?8. what is the croix de guerre award?9. how many hellfighters were awarded the croix de guerre?10. describe the reason private henry johnson and private needham roberts awarded the croix de guerre?11. what were the challenges that african american soldiers had when they returned home?12. what does posthumously mean?

Explanation:

All answers are based on standard World War I and African American military history context, aligned with the text provided about the 369th Hellfighters:

1. Highlights the dual purpose of enlistment for Black soldiers.
2. Pershing was the official commander of the AEF in WWI.
3. Reflects the racial policies of the U.S. military at the time.
4. Ties the genre's introduction directly to the presence of Black American troops in France.
5. James Reese Europe led the 369th's famous band that popularized jazz abroad.
6. The 1918 German Spring Offensive was their final major push to win the war.
7. The Hundred Days Offensive was the Allies' decisive final offensive against Germany.
8. Defines the French military honor for battlefield bravery.
9. 171 members of the 369th received the Croix de Guerre, a key fact about their service.
10. Summarizes the heroic defensive action that earned Johnson and Roberts the award, as referenced in the text.
11. Pulls directly from the text's description of post-war challenges for Black soldiers.
12. Provides the standard definition of the term, as used for Johnson's Purple Heart.

Answer:

1. For many African Americans, enlisting was also a fight for racial equality and respect at home, while white Americans faced far less systemic discrimination tied to their service.
2. General John J. Pershing

3.

1. Segregation in the U.S. military
2. The U.S. command did not want Black soldiers fighting alongside white troops
3. Jazz was introduced to France by African American soldiers (like the 369th Hellfighters) who brought the music with them during World War I.
4. James Reese Europe
5. The Spring Offensive (or Kaiserschlacht)
6. The Hundred Days Offensive
7. A French military award for acts of heroism or valor in combat.
8. 171 members of the 369th (Hellfighters)
9. They fought off a large German raiding party, with Johnson using his rifle as a baton and a bolo knife after running out of ammo, holding their position and inflicting heavy casualties while sustaining injuries.
10. They faced segregation, discrimination, difficulty finding jobs, securing housing, gaining respect, and struggled to transition to civilian life, with racism worsening these challenges.
11. Awarded or done after a person has died.