properties of water
what makes water so special?
why?
when you hear that nasa space probes are looking for \evidence of life\ on other planets, do you know
what that means? they are looking for evidence of liquid water. water is fundamental for all life; without
it every living thing would die. water covers about 70% of earth’s surface and it makes up 65–75% of our
bodies (82% of our blood is water). even if water might seem boring to you—no color, taste, or smell—it
has amazing properties that make it necessary for supporting life.

model 1 – the molecular structure of water

image: electron density model of h₂o, with oxygen, covalent bond, and a box saying \= electron presence\

1. how many hydrogen atoms are in a molecule of water?
two hydrogen atoms. handwritten

2. how many oxygen atoms are in a molecule of water?
one oxygen atom. handwritten

3. what holds the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom?
a covalent bond. handwritten

4. the shading around the molecule represents the relative density of electrons shared by the atoms.
what does this indicate about the density of electrons around the oxygen atom as compared to
the density of electrons around the hydrogen atoms?

5. where is the majority of negative charge on the water molecule?
on the oxygen atom handwritten

Question

properties of water
what makes water so special?
why?
when you hear that nasa space probes are looking for \evidence of life\ on other planets, do you know
what that means? they are looking for evidence of liquid water. water is fundamental for all life; without
it every living thing would die. water covers about 70% of earth’s surface and it makes up 65–75% of our
bodies (82% of our blood is water). even if water might seem boring to you—no color, taste, or smell—it
has amazing properties that make it necessary for supporting life.

model 1 – the molecular structure of water

image: electron density model of h₂o, with oxygen, covalent bond, and a box saying \= electron presence\

1. how many hydrogen atoms are in a molecule of water?
   two hydrogen atoms. handwritten

2. how many oxygen atoms are in a molecule of water?
   one oxygen atom. handwritten

3. what holds the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom?
   a covalent bond. handwritten

4. the shading around the molecule represents the relative density of electrons shared by the atoms.
   what does this indicate about the density of electrons around the oxygen atom as compared to
   the density of electrons around the hydrogen atoms?

5. where is the majority of negative charge on the water molecule?
   on the oxygen atom handwritten

Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
The chemical formula of water is $H_2O$, where the subscript "2" after $H$ (hydrogen) indicates the number of hydrogen atoms in one water molecule. So, by analyzing the formula, we can determine the number of hydrogen atoms.
# Answer:
Two (from the formula $H_2O$, the subscript 2 for H means there are 2 hydrogen atoms in a water molecule)

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
The chemical formula of water is $H_2O$, and the absence of a subscript after $O$ (oxygen) implies there is 1 oxygen atom per water molecule (the subscript 1 is implied).
# Answer:
One (from the formula $H_2O$, the lack of a subscript for O means there is 1 oxygen atom in a water molecule)

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
In the molecular structure of water (shown in the model as $H_2O$), the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are connected by covalent bonds. A covalent bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, and in water, the hydrogen and oxygen atoms share electrons to form these bonds.
# Answer:
A covalent bond (the model shows covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen, and in $H_2O$, H and O are bonded covalently by sharing electrons)

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
The shading (electron density model) around the water molecule shows that the oxygen atom has a more concentrated (darker or more shaded) region of electron density compared to the hydrogen atoms. This is because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, meaning it attracts the shared electrons in the covalent bonds more strongly. So, the electron density around oxygen is higher (more electrons are concentrated around oxygen) than around hydrogen.
# Answer:
The density of electrons around the oxygen atom is higher (greater) than the density of electrons around the hydrogen atoms (because oxygen is more electronegative and attracts shared electrons more, leading to a higher electron density around it as shown by the shading)

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so it attracts the shared electrons in the covalent bonds towards itself. This causes the majority of the negative charge (from the electrons) to be concentrated around the oxygen atom in the water molecule.
# Answer:
The majority of the negative charge is on the oxygen atom (due to oxygen's higher electronegativity attracting the shared electrons, concentrating negative charge around it)

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