Question

question 4 (2 points)
which statement about the pathophysiology of lower urinary tract infections is true?
the low osmolarity of urine diminishes bacterial viability in the bladder.
any obstruction of urinary outflow decreases the bladder’s resistance to bacterial infection.
immunoglobulin a (iga) facilitates adherence of bacteria to the bladder wall.
the presence of iga in all women decreases their ability to combat bacterial invasion of the bladder.
question 5 (2 points)
which is a likely cause of elevated blood urea nitrogen (bun) in a client?
an increase in the glomerular filtration rate
dehydration
low protein diet
very frail body structure

Explanation:

For Question 4:

• Low osmolarity of urine does not necessarily diminish bacterial viability in the bladder.
• Obstruction of urinary outflow can lead to stasis of urine, which decreases the bladder's resistance to bacterial infection as it provides a favorable environment for bacterial growth.
• IgA actually helps prevent bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall, not facilitate it. And not all women have decreased ability to combat bacterial invasion due to IgA.

For Question 5:

• An increase in glomerular filtration rate would generally lead to lower BUN levels as more urea is excreted.
• Dehydration reduces the volume of plasma, concentrating the BUN, leading to elevated levels.
• A low - protein diet would typically result in lower BUN as there is less protein breakdown to form urea.
• A very frail body structure has no direct relation to elevated BUN.

Answer:

Question 4: Any obstruction of urinary outflow decreases the bladder’s resistance to bacterial infection.
Question 5: Dehydration