Question

1. a reaction will never be spontaneous when a) $delta g^{circ}>0$. b) $delta h^{circ}<0$ and $delta s^{circ}>0$. c) $delta h^{circ}<0$ and $delta s^{circ}<0$. d) $delta g = 0$. e) $delta g>0$.

Explanation:

The spontaneity of a reaction is determined by the Gibbs - free energy change ($\Delta G$). A reaction is spontaneous when $\Delta G<0$, at equilibrium when $\Delta G = 0$, and non - spontaneous when $\Delta G>0$. The standard state is indicated by the degree symbol ($^{\circ}$), but the general rule for non - spontaneity is $\Delta G>0$ regardless of whether it is standard or not.

Answer:

e) $\Delta G>0$