Question

reviewing key terms
write the key term that best completes each of
the following sentences. refer to the terms to
know in the summary & study guide on page 51.

1. four parts of the earth’s surface are

_____, ___, _____, and
_______.

1. underwater trenches are created through the

process of _______.

1. the theory that continents are slowly moving

is called _______.

1. an _______ is an underground porous rock

layer often saturated with water.

1. a _______ is a bend in layers of rock.
2. water vapor changes into liquid through

_______.

1. _______ is molten rock within the earth.
2. moisture that falls from the

clouds is _______.

1. a _______ is a break in the

earth’s crust.

1. the activity of the earth’s mov-

ing plates is called _______.

1. liquid water changes into

water vapor through the pro-
cess of _______.

1. _______ wears away the

earth’s surface.

reviewing facts
section 1

1. what are two types of planets?
2. what are the four major types

of landforms found on earth?

section 2

1. describe the earth’s layers.
2. what produced some of earth’s

largest landforms?

section 3

1. what process keeps the amount

of earth’s water constant?

national geographic
match the letters o
write your answers

1. rocky mountain
2. isthmus of pana
3. gulf of mexico
4. andes

map image showing earth with labels: tropic of cancer, equator, tropic of capricorn

Answer:

To solve these fill - in - the - blank questions, we refer to basic Earth science (Geography subfield of Natural Science) concepts:

Question 1

The four parts of the earth's surface are land, water, ice, and air (or atmosphere, but more commonly in basic Earth science overviews, the four main components of the Earth's surface related to its physical features are land (continents, landmasses), water (oceans, lakes, rivers), ice (polar ice caps, glaciers), and the atmosphere (air envelope), though sometimes a more simplified breakdown for surface features might focus on land, water, ice, and maybe the biosphere, but the most common key terms here are land, water, ice, air).

Question 2

Underwater trenches are created through the process of subduction (where one tectonic plate is forced under another, leading to the formation of deep ocean trenches).

Question 3

The theory that continents are slowly moving is called continental drift (proposed by Alfred Wegener, the theory that continents have moved over geological time).

Question 4

An aquifer is an underground porous rock layer often saturated with water (aquifers are important sources of groundwater).

Question 5

A fold is a bend in layers of rock (formed due to tectonic forces that cause the rock layers to buckle rather than break).

Question 6

Water vapor changes into liquid through condensation (this is a key process in the water cycle, where water vapor cools and changes to liquid form, forming clouds, dew, etc.).

Question 7

Magma is molten rock within the earth (lava is molten rock that has reached the Earth's surface, while magma is still underground).

Question 8

Moisture that falls from the clouds is precipitation (this includes rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc.).

Question 9

A fault is a break in the earth's crust (where there has been movement along the break, due to tectonic forces).

Question 10

The activity of the earth's moving plates is called plate tectonics (the study of the movement and interaction of the Earth's lithospheric plates).

Question 11

Liquid water changes into water vapor through the process of evaporation (this is the process by which water from bodies of water, soil, etc., turns into water vapor and enters the atmosphere, a key part of the water cycle).

Question 12

Erosion wears away the earth's surface (erosion is caused by agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity, which transport rock and soil particles, wearing down the landforms).

Reviewing Facts Answers:

Section 1

1. The two types of planets are terrestrial planets (like Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, which are rocky, dense) and gas - giant planets (like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, which are large, gaseous).
2. The four major types of landforms found on Earth are mountains, plains, plateaus, and hills (or sometimes including valleys, but the four main broad categories are often mountains, plains, plateaus, and hills).

Section 2

1. The Earth's layers: The Earth has a crust (the outermost, thin, solid layer, divided into continental and oceanic crust), a mantle (a thick, semi - molten layer below the crust, divided into upper and lower mantle), and a core (divided into outer core, which is liquid, and inner core, which is solid, made mostly of iron and nickel).
2. Some of Earth's largest landforms were produced by tectonic activity (movement of tectonic plates, leading to mountain building, formation of rift valleys, etc.), volcanic activity (forming volcanoes, volcanic plateaus), and erosion and deposition (shaping landforms like canyons, deltas).

Section 3

1. The process that keeps the amount of Earth's water constant is the water cycle (which involves evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and transpiration, recycling water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans).