task 2: mitotic phases article
read the mitotic phases article by bio libre texts and answer the following questions.
full url: https://bio.libretexts.org/bookshelves/human_biology/human_biology_(wakim_and_gw)/07%3a_cell_reproduction/7.3%3a_mitotic_phase_-_mitosis_and_cytokinesis
tiny url: https://tinyurl.com/3uxtlv7n
10. why must there be two copies of dna before the cell divides?
11. how is a chromosome different from a chromatid?
12. what are the four phases of mitosis in order?
13. complete the table below.
| phase | describe what occurs |
| ---- | ---- |
| prophase | |
| metaphase | |
| anaphase | |
| telophase | |
14. what is divided up in cytokinesis?

Question

task 2: mitotic phases article
read the mitotic phases article by bio libre texts and answer the following questions.
full url: https://bio.libretexts.org/bookshelves/human_biology/human_biology_(wakim_and_gw)/07%3a_cell_reproduction/7.3%3a_mitotic_phase_-_mitosis_and_cytokinesis
tiny url: https://tinyurl.com/3uxtlv7n
10. why must there be two copies of dna before the cell divides?
11. how is a chromosome different from a chromatid?
12. what are the four phases of mitosis in order?
13. complete the table below.
| phase | describe what occurs |
| ---- | ---- |
| prophase |  |
| metaphase |  |
| anaphase |  |
| telophase |  |
14. what is divided up in cytokinesis?

Accepted Answer

### Question 10
# Brief Explanations:
Before cell division (mitosis or meiosis), DNA replicates to form two copies. This is because during cell division, each new daughter cell needs a complete set of genetic information (DNA) to function properly and have the same genetic material as the parent cell. If there were not two copies, the daughter cells would receive only half (or an incomplete) set of DNA, which would disrupt normal cellular function, growth, and development.
# Answer:
To ensure that each resulting daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material (DNA) during cell division, so the daughter cells can function properly with the same genetic information as the parent cell.

### Question 11
# Brief Explanations:
A chromosome is a structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information. A chromatid is one of the two identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together by a centromere before cell division (during the S - phase of interphase, DNA replicates, and each chromosome has two chromatids). After cell division (e.g., in anaphase of mitosis), when the centromere splits, each chromatid becomes an individual chromosome. In summary, a chromosome can consist of one (non - replicated) or two (replicated) chromatids, and a chromatid is a part of a replicated chromosome.
# Answer:
A chromosome is a DNA - protein structure carrying genetic info; a chromatid is one of two identical copies of a chromosome (joined by a centromere in a replicated chromosome). A chromosome can have 1 (unreplicated) or 2 (replicated) chromatids, and chromatids become chromosomes when centromeres split.

### Question 12
# Brief Explanations:
Mitosis is the process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells. The four phases of mitosis, in order, are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. During Prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle forms. In Metaphase, chromosomes line up along the equator (metaphase plate) of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. Telophase involves the re - formation of the nuclear envelope around the separated chromosomes, and the chromosomes start to de - condense.
# Answer:
The four phases of mitosis in order are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

### Question 13
| Phase | Describe What Occurs |
|--|--|
| Prophase | Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down. The mitotic spindle (composed of microtubules) begins to form, and centrioles (in animal cells) move to opposite poles of the cell. |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) align along the metaphase plate (the equatorial plane of the cell). Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. |
| Anaphase | The centromeres split, and the sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled by the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell. The cell begins to elongate as the chromosomes move apart. |
| Telophase | Chromosomes reach the opposite poles and start to de - condense (uncoil) back into chromatin. The nuclear envelope re - forms around each set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle breaks down. |

### Question 14
# Brief Explanations:
Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division, following mitosis (or meiosis). In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the parent cell is divided between the two daughter cells. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms and pinches the cell into two. In plant cells, a cell plate forms (which later becomes the cell wall) to separate the two daughter cells. Along with the cytoplasm, organelles are also distributed between the two daughter cells.
# Answer:
In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm (along with organelles) of the parent cell is divided between the two daughter cells.

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