true or false
19. the oceans are the source of most of earths atmospheric oxygen.
20. there is only one ocean.
21. the oceans surface makes the earth into a smooth sphere.
22. the beach is broader than the shore at a given location.
23. geologists recently estimated that there could be around 25 million extinct volcanic seamounts taller than 100 m. this large number suggests that underwater volcanism must have been significant in the past.
24. according to young - earth geologic history, existing coral reefs probably developed after the flood.
25. the fish kinds found in landlocked lakes today must have originally been ocean fish that survived the flood.
26. seawater is 3.5% sodium chloride and 96.5% water.
27. the dead sea has a high salinity because the water entering from the jordan river is even saltier.
28. the freezing point of seawater decreases as salinity increases.
29. a sound velocity profile displays how speed changes with temperature.
30. marine organisms in the littoral zone are not protected from occasional significant changes to their environment.
31. earths carbon and nitrogen cycles take place entirely within the oceans.

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 19
# Brief Explanations:
Most of Earth's atmospheric oxygen comes from photosynthetic organisms in the oceans (like phytoplankton), so the statement is True.
# Answer:
True

### Question 20
# Brief Explanations:
Geographically, there are multiple named oceans (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern), but they are all connected as one global ocean system. However, the statement "There is only one ocean" in a strict sense of distinct bodies is False (as we recognize multiple ocean basins), but in the context of a single interconnected ocean, some consider it True. But the common scientific view of distinct ocean basins makes this False.
# Answer:
False

### Question 21
# Brief Explanations:
The ocean's surface is relatively smooth compared to land, and if we consider the Earth's shape with the ocean as a reference, it approximates a smooth sphere (the geoid is close to a sphere with ocean as the "surface"). So the statement is True.
# Answer:
True

### Question 22
# Brief Explanations:
The shore is the area between the high - and low - tide marks, and the beach is a part of the shore (or can be broader? Wait, no: the shore is the zone along the coast, and the beach is the sandy part of the shore. Actually, at a given location, the beach (the part of the shore with sand, etc.) is not broader than the shore (which includes the intertidal zone). Wait, no, the shore is the strip of land along the coast, and the beach is a type of shore. Actually, the beach (the area covered by sand, etc., between high and low tide) is part of the shore. So the statement "The beach is broader than the shore at a given location" is False.
# Answer:
False

### Question 23
# Brief Explanations:
If there are a large number of extinct volcanic seamounts, it implies that there was a significant amount of underwater volcanic activity in the past to create so many seamounts. So the statement is True.
# Answer:
True

### Question 24
# Brief Explanations:
In young - earth geologic history (a creationist view), the Flood is a major event, and coral reefs are thought to have developed after the Flood. So the statement is True (from the young - earth perspective).
# Answer:
True

### Question 25
# Brief Explanations:
In young - earth creationist thinking, the Flood is a key event, and the idea is that fish in landlocked lakes are descendants of ocean fish that survived the Flood and then migrated to lakes. So the statement is True (from that perspective).
# Answer:
True

### Question 26
# Brief Explanations:
Seawater is approximately 3.5% dissolved salts in total, and sodium chloride is the main salt, but the 3.5% is total dissolved salts (not just sodium chloride). So the statement "Seawater is 3.5% sodium chloride and 96.5% water" is False (it's 3.5% total dissolved solids, with NaCl being a major component but not exactly 3.5% NaCl).
# Answer:
False

### Question 27
# Brief Explanations:
The Dead Sea has high salinity because it has no outlet, so water evaporates, leaving salts behind. The Jordan River water is not saltier than the Dead Sea; it is fresh - er. So the statement is False.
# Answer:
False

### Question 28
# Brief Explanations:
As salinity of seawater increases, the freezing point decreases (this is a colligative property of solutions: more solute, lower freezing point). So the statement is True.
# Answer:
True

### Question 29
# Brief Explanations:
A sound velocity profile in the ocean shows how the speed of sound changes with depth (which is related to temperature, salinity, and pressure), not just temperature. But mainly, it is about the change with depth, but temperature is a factor. However, the statement says it displays how speed changes with temperature, which is not the main focus (it's about depth - related changes, with temperature being one of the factors). So the statement is False.
# Answer:
False

### Question 30
# Brief Explanations:
The littoral zone (intertidal zone) has organisms that are exposed to air during low tide and covered by water during high tide, so they are exposed to significant environmental changes (temperature, moisture, etc.). So they are not protected from occasional significant changes. The statement is True.
# Answer:
True

### Question 31
# Brief Explanations:
Earth's carbon and nitrogen cycles involve the atmosphere, land, and oceans. For example, carbon is in the atmosphere as $CO_2$, in plants on land, etc. So they do not take place entirely within the oceans. The statement is False.
# Answer:
False

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Question 19

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Question 20