Question

unit 1: cells exam study guide
8 l.1 - 2 cell structure and function
vocabulary
give a brief definition of each of these terms

1. cell
2. cell theory
3. cell membrane
4. nucleus
5. eukaryote
6. prokaryote
7. cytoplasm
8. organelle
9. ribosome
10. endoplasmic reticulum
11. golgi apparatus
12. vacuole
13. lysosome
14. chloroplast
15. mitochondria
16. cell wall
17. phospholipid bilayer
18. hydrophobic
19. hydrophilic
20. protein channel
21. protein marker
22. protein receptor

Explanation:

1. Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
2. Cell Theory: States that all living organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre - existing cells.
3. Cell membrane: A semi - permeable barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
4. Nucleus: The control center of the cell, containing the cell's genetic material (DNA).
5. Eukaryote: An organism whose cells have a nucleus and other membrane - bound organelles.
6. Prokaryote: A single - celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane - bound organelles.
7. Cytoplasm: The jelly - like substance within the cell that contains all organelles and cell parts.
8. Organelle: A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
9. Ribosome: The site of protein synthesis in the cell.
10. Endoplasmic reticulum: A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis; can be rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (without ribosomes).
11. Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
12. Vacuole: A storage organelle that can store water, nutrients, and waste products.
13. Lysosome: Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.
14. Chloroplast: The organelle in plant cells and some protists where photosynthesis occurs.
15. Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs to produce ATP (energy).
16. Cell Wall: A rigid layer outside the cell membrane in plant, fungal, and bacterial cells that provides support and protection.
17. Phospholipid Bilayer: The basic structure of the cell membrane, composed of two layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
18. Hydrophobic: Repels water; non - polar.
19. Hydrophilic: Attracts water; polar.
20. Protein channel: A type of membrane protein that forms a channel to allow the passage of specific substances across the cell membrane.
21. Protein marker: A protein on the cell surface that helps cells recognize each other and can be used for cell identification.
22. Protein receptor: A protein on the cell surface or inside the cell that binds to specific signaling molecules, initiating a cellular response.

Answer:

1. The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
2. States that all living organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre - existing cells.
3. A semi - permeable barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
4. The control center of the cell, containing the cell's genetic material (DNA).
5. An organism whose cells have a nucleus and other membrane - bound organelles.
6. A single - celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane - bound organelles.
7. The jelly - like substance within the cell that contains all organelles and cell parts.
8. A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
9. The site of protein synthesis in the cell.
10. A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis; can be rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (without ribosomes).
11. Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
12. A storage organelle that can store water, nutrients, and waste products.
13. Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.
14. The organelle in plant cells and some protists where photosynthesis occurs.
15. The powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs to produce ATP (energy).
16. A rigid layer outside the cell membrane in plant, fungal, and bacterial cells that provides support and protection.
17. The basic structure of the cell membrane, composed of two layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
18. Repels water; non - polar.
19. Attracts water; polar.
20. A type of membrane protein that forms a channel to allow the passage of specific substances across the cell membrane.
21. A protein on the cell surface that helps cells recognize each other and can be used for cell identification.
22. A protein on the cell surface or inside the cell that binds to specific signaling molecules, initiating a cellular response.