Question

what must the first paragraph of an argumentative research essay include?
a. an emotional appeal
b. the author’s credentials
c. the opposing viewpoint
d. the central claim

Explanation:

The first paragraph (introduction) of an argumentative research essay needs to clearly state the core argument the essay will defend. Emotional appeals are not required, author credentials are typically not placed here, and opposing viewpoints are addressed later in the essay, not in the opening paragraph.

Answer:

D. The central claim