Question

which of the following is the correct way to write a lead - in, use a direct quote, and cite the source?
\12 million tons of plastic finds its way into the ocean every single year\ (jeffrey santini)).
according to a recent 2022 study, \12 million tons of plastic finds its way into the ocean every single year\.
according to a recent 2022 study, \12 million tons of plastic finds its way into the ocean every single year\ (santini, jeffrey).
a guy on the beach told me that \12 million tons of plastic finds its way into the ocean every single year (santini).

Explanation:

A proper lead-in, direct quote, and citation needs a clear introductory phrase (lead-in), a correctly punctuated direct quote, and a properly formatted in-text citation with the source's author(s) after the quote.

• The first option lacks a lead-in and has extra punctuation.
• The second option has a lead-in and quote but no citation of the specific author.
• The third option includes a lead-in ("According to a recent 2022 study"), a properly quoted direct statement, and a correct in-text citation with the author's name after the quote.
• The fourth option uses an unprofessional lead-in and has incorrect citation placement.

Answer:

According to a recent 2022 study, "12 million tons of plastic finds its way into the ocean every single year" (Santini, Jeffrey).