Question

which of the following critiques represents a challenge to virtue - based ethics?
a.) there isnt a clear list of virtues.
b.) unintended effects have too much impact on the agent’s guilt.
c.) ignorance makes it easier to get away with bad actions.
d.) the same rules do not apply to everyone.

Explanation:

Virtue-based ethics centers on developing good character traits (virtues), but a core critique is that there is no universally agreed-upon, definitive list of what constitutes these virtues; different cultures and philosophical traditions prioritize different traits, creating ambiguity in applying this ethical framework. The other options relate to critiques of other ethical systems: option b ties to consequentialist concerns, option c relates to deontological issues, and option d is a critique often leveled at rule-based ethics.

Answer:

a.) There isn’t a clear list of virtues.