Question

1. which situation best represents the tragedy of the commons?

a. overfishing in a shared lake
b. a company recycling its waste
c. a city protecting a public park
d. a farmer planting trees on private land

1. in an experiment, what is the dependent variable?

a. the factor being measured
b. the factor changed by the experimenter
c. a prediction made before testing
d. a constant that remains the same

1. which of the following is part of the cryosphere?

a. glaciers
b. rivers
c. volcanoes
d. mountains

1. what is the difference between a fundamental niche and a realized niche?

a. the realized niche is larger than the fundamental niche
b. there is no difference
c. the fundamental niche is where an organism could live; the realized niche is where it actually lives
d. fundamental niches are only for plants

1. which organism is a producer?

a. grass
b. wolf
c. mushroom
d. deer

1. how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?

a. about 75%
b. about 10%
c. about 50%
d. about 25%

1. a vine climbing a tree, stealing nutrients and blocking sunlight, is an example of:

a. competition
b. mutualism
c. commensalism
d. parasitism

1. a bird cleaning a crocodile’s teeth by eating parasites is an example of:

a. predation
b. parasitism
c. competition
d. mutualism

1. which type of speciation occurs when populations are separated by geographic barriers?

a. behavioral isolation
b. mechanical isolation
c. temporary isolation
d. geographic isolation

1. which of the following is a density - dependent limiting factor?

a. disease
b. hurricane
c. flood
d. wildfire

1. what causes a population’s j - curve growth to shift into an s - curve?

a. exponential birth rates
b. emigration only
c. limiting factors and carrying capacity
d. unlimited resources

Explanation:

1. The Tragedy of the Commons is about over - use of shared resources. Overfishing in a shared lake fits this as multiple users deplete the fish population.
2. In an experiment, the dependent variable is the factor being measured that responds to changes in the independent variable.
3. The cryosphere consists of ice and snow, and glaciers are part of it.
4. The fundamental niche is the potential living conditions of an organism, while the realized niche is where it actually lives due to factors like competition.
5. Producers are organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis, like grass.
6. Energy transfer between trophic levels is about 10% as most energy is lost as heat.
7. A vine stealing nutrients and blocking sunlight from a tree is parasitism as it benefits at the tree's expense.
8. A bird cleaning a crocodile's teeth by eating parasites is mutualism as both the bird and the crocodile benefit.
9. Speciation due to geographic barriers is called geographic isolation.
10. Disease is a density - dependent limiting factor as its impact increases with population density.
11. Limiting factors and carrying capacity cause a population's J - curve (exponential growth) to shift to an S - curve (logistic growth).

Answer:

1. A. Overfishing in a shared lake
2. A. The factor being measured
3. A. Glaciers
4. C. The fundamental niche is where an organism could live; the realized niche is where it actually lives
5. A. Grass
6. B. About 10%
7. D. Parasitism
8. D. Mutualism
9. D. Geographic isolation
10. A. Disease
11. C. Limiting factors and carrying capacity