Question

write electron configurations for the following ions. 1. na+ 2. zn2+ 3. s2- 4. f-1 directions: draw the orbital notations of each of the following atoms. 1. chlorine: 2. nitrogen: 3. aluminum: 4. oxygen: 5. sodium: 6. potassium: 7. sulfur: 8. calcium

Explanation:

Step1: Recall electron - configuration rules

Electrons fill orbitals in the order of increasing energy: 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p etc. The s - orbital can hold 2 electrons, the p - orbital can hold 6 electrons, and the d - orbital can hold 10 electrons. For ions, we adjust the number of electrons based on the charge.

Step2: Find electron configuration of Na⁺

Sodium (Na) has an atomic number of 11. Na⁺ has lost 1 electron, so it has 10 electrons. The electron - configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶.

Step3: Find electron configuration of Zn²⁺

Zinc (Zn) has an atomic number of 30. Zn²⁺ has lost 2 electrons, so it has 28 electrons. The electron - configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰.

Step4: Find electron configuration of S²⁻

Sulfur (S) has an atomic number of 16. S²⁻ has gained 2 electrons, so it has 18 electrons. The electron - configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶.

Step5: Find electron configuration of F⁻

Fluorine (F) has an atomic number of 9. F⁻ has gained 1 electron, so it has 10 electrons. The electron - configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶.

For orbital notations:

1. Chlorine (Cl, atomic number = 17):

1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑

1. Nitrogen (N, atomic number = 7):

1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑ ↑ ↑

1. Aluminum (Al, atomic number = 13):

1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑

1. Oxygen (O, atomic number = 8):

1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑ ↑

1. Sodium (Na, atomic number = 11):

1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑

1. Potassium (K, atomic number = 19):

1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
4s: ↑

1. Sulfur (S, atomic number = 16):

1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑↓ ↑ ↑

1. Calcium (Ca, atomic number = 20):

1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
4s: ↑↓

Answer:

1. Na⁺: 1s²2s²2p⁶
2. Zn²⁺: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰
3. S²⁻: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶
4. F⁻: 1s²2s²2p⁶

Orbital notations as described above for each atom.