Question

1. a response to questions about the ultimate mechanisms for a behavior are called a) proximate causes. b) evolutionary causes. c) ultimate causes. d) ultimate mapping. 18) which of the following is an example of a fixed - action pattern? a) the imprinting of baby mammals on their mother b) the flying at night of a bat c) the way female digger wasps find their nests d) the way a graylag goose retrieves an egg that has rolled out of the nest 19) the modification of behavior based upon specific experiences defines a) fixed - action pattern. b) imprinting. c) conditioning. d) learning. 20) a grayling butterfly will normally fly toward the sun. this is an example of a) kinesis. b) migration. c) phototropism. d) taxis. 21) 15) after many hours of observation, jennifer noticed that a squirrel in her backyard seemed to retreat up a certain tree every time it was frightened. at the base of that tree was a wheelbarrow. jennifer wondered how the squirrel found the same tree each time. perhaps it simply knew to use the tree with the wheelbarrow. that night, jennifer moved the wheelbarrow a few feet over and placed it against another tree. the next day, the squirrel retreated up the new tree, with the wheelbarrow resting at its base. this experiment suggests the squirrel was using a) spatial learning. b) imprinting. c) habituation. d) social learning. 23) squirrels on a bird feeder seem to be able to figure out how to steal seeds no matter what people do to prevent it. yesterday, jeremy hung out a new bird feeder design, and sure enough, by the end of the day the squirrels found a way to get to the seeds. the squirrels most likely figured out how to get the seeds through a) problem - solving learning. b) migration. c) imprinting. d) spatial learning.

Explanation:

1. A fixed - action pattern is a stereotyped, unlearned behavior that is triggered by a specific sign stimulus. A graylag goose retrieving an egg that has rolled out of the nest is a classic example of a fixed - action pattern.
2. Learning is the modification of behavior based on specific experiences.
3. Taxis is a directed movement toward or away from a stimulus. A grayling butterfly flying toward the sun is an example of positive taxis.
4. The squirrel using the tree with the wheelbarrow as a refuge and then using the new tree when the wheelbarrow was moved shows spatial learning, where the animal learns about the spatial relationships in its environment.
5. Squirrels figuring out how to get to the seeds despite efforts to prevent them is an example of problem - solving learning, where they find a way to overcome an obstacle.

Answer:

1. D. the way a graylag goose retrieves an egg that has rolled out of the nest
2. D. learning
3. D. taxis
4. A. spatial learning
5. A. problem solving learning