8. according to model 2, when the mrna leaves the nucleus, to which cellular organelle does it attach?
9. the mrna attaches to the organelle at the sequence aug. what is the significance of this sequence of nucleotides?
10. describe the movement of the ribosome as translation occurs.
read this!
the ribosome is a large complex of ribosomal rna (rrna) and proteins. it consists of two subunits. the smaller subunit binds to the mrna strand and the larger subunit holds the trna molecules in place while the covalent peptide bond is formed between the amino acids. several ribosomes can attach to an mrna molecule simultaneously. this allows for many polypeptide chains to be synthesized at once.
11. the trna molecules in a cell are short sequences of nucleotides (about 80 bases) that contain an anticodon and carry a specific amino acid.
a. find the trna in model 2 that is carrying the histidine (his). what sequence of nucleotides makes the anticodon on this trna molecule?
b. what codon on mrna would match this anticodon?
c. verify that the codon you wrote in part b codes to histidine by looking at the table in model 1.
d. what anticodon would be found on a trna molecule carrying glycine (gly)? (note: there are several correct answers here.)
12. the “t” in trna is short for transfer. in a complete sentence, explain why this molecule is called transfer rna.

Question

8. according to model 2, when the mrna leaves the nucleus, to which cellular organelle does it attach?
9. the mrna attaches to the organelle at the sequence aug. what is the significance of this sequence of nucleotides?
10. describe the movement of the ribosome as translation occurs.
read this!
the ribosome is a large complex of ribosomal rna (rrna) and proteins. it consists of two subunits. the smaller subunit binds to the mrna strand and the larger subunit holds the trna molecules in place while the covalent peptide bond is formed between the amino acids. several ribosomes can attach to an mrna molecule simultaneously. this allows for many polypeptide chains to be synthesized at once.
11. the trna molecules in a cell are short sequences of nucleotides (about 80 bases) that contain an anticodon and carry a specific amino acid.
    a. find the trna in model 2 that is carrying the histidine (his). what sequence of nucleotides makes the anticodon on this trna molecule?
    b. what codon on mrna would match this anticodon?
    c. verify that the codon you wrote in part b codes to histidine by looking at the table in model 1.
    d. what anticodon would be found on a trna molecule carrying glycine (gly)? (note: there are several correct answers here.)
12. the “t” in trna is short for transfer. in a complete sentence, explain why this molecule is called transfer rna.

Accepted Answer

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
When mRNA leaves the nucleus, it attaches to the ribosome. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis (translation), and the small subunit of the ribosome binds to the mRNA to start the translation process.
# Answer:
The mRNA attaches to the ribosome.

### Question 9
# Brief Explanations:
The sequence AUG is the start codon. It signals the beginning of translation, where the ribosome starts to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain. It also codes for the amino acid methionine, which is the first amino acid in most newly synthesized proteins.
# Answer:
AUG is the start codon, initiating translation and coding for methionine (the first amino acid in most proteins).

### Question 10
# Brief Explanations:
During translation, the ribosome moves along the mRNA strand in a 5' to 3' direction. It reads the mRNA codons one by one, allowing tRNAs with complementary anticodons to bring in amino acids. As the ribosome moves, it catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids, elongating the polypeptide chain until it reaches a stop codon.
# Answer:
The ribosome moves along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction, reading codons and facilitating peptide bond formation to elongate the polypeptide.

### Question 11a
# Brief Explanations:
To find the tRNA carrying Histidine (His), we refer to the model (assuming Model 2 has tRNA - mRNA - amino acid associations). The anticodon on tRNA is complementary to the mRNA codon for His. If the mRNA codon for His is, for example, CAU (from standard genetic code), the anticodon on tRNA (which is complementary, following A - U, G - C pairing) would be GUA. (Note: The actual sequence depends on Model 2, but using standard code as a guide: His codons are CAU or CAC, so anticodons would be GUA or GUG respectively. Assuming Model 2 uses CAU for His, the anticodon is GUA.)
# Answer:
(Assuming Model 2 has His - mRNA codon CAU) The anticodon sequence is GUA.

### Question 11b
# Brief Explanations:
The mRNA codon that matches the tRNA anticodon (from part a, e.g., GUA) is complementary. Using base - pairing rules (A - U, G - C), the mRNA codon complementary to GUA is CAU.
# Answer:
The mRNA codon is CAU.

### Question 11c
# Brief Explanations:
Looking at the codon table (Model 1), the codon CAU (and CAC) is listed as coding for the amino acid Histidine (His). So we check the table to confirm that CAU corresponds to His.
# Answer:
The codon CAU (from part b) codes for Histidine (His) as per the codon table (Model 1).

### Question 11d
# Brief Explanations:
Glycine (Gly) has mRNA codons: GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG. The anticodons on tRNA are complementary to these codons. So the anticodons would be CCA, CCG, CCU, CCC respectively (using A - U, G - C pairing). For example, if the mRNA codon is GGU, the tRNA anticodon is CCA.
# Answer:
Possible anticodons for Gly - carrying tRNA: CCA, CCG, CCU, or CCC (corresponding to Gly codons GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG).

### Question 12
# Brief Explanations:
tRNA is called transfer RNA because it transfers (carries) specific amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome, where the amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain during translation. It "transfers" the amino acid to the site of protein synthesis (ribosome) based on the mRNA codon it recognizes with its anticodon.
# Answer:
tRNA is called transfer RNA because it transfers (carries) specific amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome for incorporation into a polypeptide chain during translation.

Sovi.AI - AI Math Tutor

QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

Question 8

Answer:

Question 9