Question

anaerobic respiration

• which types of organisms do this?
• what are two result of anaerobic respiration?
• what types of food benefit result from anaerobic respiration

cell division

• what are three reasons cells divide?
• after mitosis & cell division, cells are identical / different? (circle one)
• if a somatic cell begins with 10 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will it have at the end of mitosis?

draw a picture of the cell cycle to the right and label the following: interphase, g1, s, g2, mitosis & cytokinesis
what are the stages of mitosis and what is happening to the chromosomes during each stage?

stage	chromosomes

what happens at each of the 3 checkpoints during the cell cycle?

• g1
• g2
• m

Explanation:

• Anaerobic Respiration:
• Organisms: Bacteria and archaea are common anaerobic - respirating organisms. Some fungi and muscle cells in animals can also perform anaerobic respiration under certain conditions.
• Results: Lactic acid (in lactic - acid fermentation) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (in alcoholic fermentation).
• Foods: Yogurt (from lactic - acid fermentation by bacteria) and bread (from yeast performing alcoholic fermentation).
• Cell Division:
• Reasons for cell division: Growth of the organism, repair of damaged tissues, and asexual reproduction.
• After mitosis and cell division, cells are identical as they have the same genetic material.
• A somatic cell with 10 chromosomes will have 10 chromosomes at the end of mitosis as mitosis is an equational division that conserves the chromosome number.
• Stages of Mitosis:
• Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate.
• Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
• Telophase: Chromosomes de - condense and nuclear envelopes reform.
• Cell - cycle Checkpoints:
• G1: Checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage.
• G2: Checks for DNA replication accuracy and cell size.
• M: Checks for proper chromosome attachment to the spindle fibers.

Answer:

• Anaerobic Respiration:
• Organisms: Bacteria, archaea, some fungi, and muscle cells (under certain conditions).
• Results: Lactic acid (lactic - acid fermentation), ethanol and carbon dioxide (alcoholic fermentation).
• Foods: Yogurt, bread.
• Cell Division:
• Reasons: Growth, tissue repair, asexual reproduction.
• Identical/different: Identical.
• Chromosome number after mitosis: 10.
• Stages of Mitosis and Chromosome Changes:
• Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate.
• Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
• Telophase: Chromosomes de - condense and nuclear envelopes reform.
• Cell - cycle Checkpoints:
• G1: Checks cell size, nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage.
• G2: Checks DNA replication accuracy and cell size.
• M: Checks proper chromosome - spindle attachment.