articles of confederation text
7) can states engage in activities such as making treaties or alliances without the consent of congress? explain your answer based on the text.
8) how many states need to agree for the admission of another colony into the confederation, according to article ix?
9) what role does the president play in the affairs of the united states as described in article v?
10) according to article xiii, what is required for any alteration to be made in the articles of confederation?
11) article ii emphasizes state sovereignty. discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of granting states such extensive sovereignty within a confederation. how might this principle impact the effectiveness of the national government?
12) article ii emphasizes state sovereignty. discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of granting states such extensive sovereignty within a confederation. how might this principle impact the effectiveness of the national government?

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Accepted Answer

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
Under the Articles of Confederation, states could not engage in activities like making treaties or alliances without Congress's consent. Article VI of the Articles of Confederation explicitly stated that no state could enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled. This was to ensure a unified foreign policy and prevent states from acting independently in ways that could undermine the confederation or create conflicts with other nations.
# Answer:
No, states cannot engage in activities such as making treaties or alliances without the consent of Congress. According to Article VI of the Articles of Confederation, no state is permitted to enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled.

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
Article IX of the Articles of Confederation stated that the admission of a new colony into the Confederation required the agreement of nine states. This was part of the voting requirements for certain important matters within the confederation, ensuring a significant level of consensus among the member states for such a significant change.
# Answer:
Nine states need to agree for the admission of another colony into the Confederation according to Article IX.

### Question 9
# Brief Explanations:
Under the Articles of Confederation (Article V), there was no president in the way we understand the role today. Instead, the United States in Congress assembled (the Confederation Congress) was the main governing body, and it elected a president of the Congress. This president was more of a presiding officer of the Congress, with limited powers, serving a one - year term, and not having executive powers like the modern - day president. The president's role was largely ceremonial and to preside over the Congress, with no independent executive authority to enforce laws or direct the national government's operations in the way a modern president does.
# Answer:
Under Article V of the Articles of Confederation, there was no president with the powers of a modern - day U.S. president. The "president" referred to was the president of the Congress, who was elected by the Congress. This president served as a presiding officer of the Congress, had a one - year term, and had no independent executive powers to enforce laws or direct the national government's operations as the modern president does.

### Question 10
# Brief Explanations:
Article XIII of the Articles of Confederation required that any alteration or amendment to the Articles must be agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled and then confirmed by the legislatures of every state. This meant that for a change to the Articles to take effect, it needed the unanimous consent of all the states (through their legislatures) after being proposed by the Congress. This strict requirement made it extremely difficult to amend the Articles, as getting all thirteen states to agree on any change was a very challenging task.
# Answer:
According to Article XIII, for any alteration to be made in the Articles of Confederation, it must be agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled and then confirmed by the legislatures of every state.

### Question 11 (and 12, as they are the same)
# Brief Explanations:
#### Advantages of Extensive State Sovereignty:
- **Local Autonomy**: States could govern according to their specific local needs, cultures, and economies. For example, states with different economic bases (like agricultural vs. mercantile states) could set policies that were more tailored to their local circumstances, such as tax policies or trade regulations within their borders.
- **Experimentation**: States could act as "laboratories of democracy" (a concept later associated with federalism), trying out different policies and governance models. This could lead to the discovery of effective policies that could potentially be adopted by other states or inform future national policies.
- **Protection from Tyranny**: By dispersing power among the states, it was thought that the risk of a single, centralized tyrannical government was reduced. The states could act as a check on any potential overreach by the national government.

#### Disadvantages of Extensive State Sovereignty:
- **Lack of National Unity**: With each state having extensive sovereignty, there was a lack of a unified national policy. This led to problems such as states imposing tariffs on each other, creating trade barriers within the confederation, which hindered economic growth and the development of a national economy.
- **Weak National Defense**: In the face of external threats, a confederation with highly sovereign states had difficulties in coordinating a unified defense. States might be reluctant to contribute troops or resources to a national defense effort, and there was no strong central authority to compel them.
- **Ineffective National Government**: The national government (the Confederation Congress) had very limited powers. It could not tax directly, had no power to enforce its laws, and relied on the states for compliance. With states having extensive sovereignty, they often ignored or resisted the requests and policies of the national government, making it ineffective in addressing national issues like debt, trade disputes, and foreign relations.

#### Impact on the Effectiveness of the National Government:
The principle of extensive state sovereignty severely undermined the effectiveness of the national government. Since the national government had to rely on the states for funding, enforcement of laws, and cooperation in general, and the states were often more concerned with their own local interests, the national government was unable to act decisively. It could not regulate interstate trade effectively, could not raise an army on its own, and could not address the national debt in a comprehensive way. This led to a situation where the national government was weak and unable to meet the challenges facing the young nation, which eventually led to the push for a new constitution (the U.S. Constitution) to create a stronger central government with a better balance of power between the national and state governments.
# Answer:
### Advantages of Extensive State Sovereignty
- Local Autonomy: States could govern based on local needs, cultures, and economies. For example, states with different economic bases (agricultural vs. mercantile) could set tailored policies.
- Experimentation: States could act as "laboratories of democracy", trying out policies that could inform national policies.
- Protection from Tyranny: Dispersing power reduced the risk of a centralized tyrannical government.

### Disadvantages of Extensive State Sovereignty
- Lack of National Unity: States imposed tariffs on each other, hindering economic growth and creating trade barriers.
- Weak National Defense: States were reluctant to contribute to national defense, and there was no strong central authority to compel them.
- Ineffective National Government: The national government (Confederation Congress) could not tax directly, enforce laws, and relied on states for compliance, making it ineffective in addressing national issues.

### Impact on National Government Effectiveness
Extensive state sovereignty severely undermined the national government's effectiveness. It could not tax, enforce laws, or regulate interstate trade effectively. It relied on states for cooperation, but states often prioritized local interests, leading to a weak national government unable to address national challenges, which eventually led to the push for a new constitution.

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