Question

the idea was to construct a synthetic mrna in the lab that would instruct the bodys own cells to produce part of a viral antigen. that would allow the immune system to react to the viral antigen without exposing the body to the virus itself. when this was put to the test, the body reacted against the rna molecules themselves, breaking them down before they could stimulate the immune system.two scientists chemically modified one of the rna bases so that it would not be broken down and instead would be translated into protein just like any cellular mrna molecule. this is just one of the many potential applications of mrna vaccines. 1. how are specific defenses different from nonspecific defenses? 2. what does the illustration show? how does it work? skin splinter histamines bacteria capillary phagocytes

Explanation:

1. Specific defenses target particular pathogens and involve lymphocytes and antibodies, providing immunity. Nonspecific defenses are general - like skin, phagocytes, and inflammation - and act against a wide range of threats without targeting specific ones.
2. The illustration shows the body's inflammatory response to a splinter. When a splinter pierces the skin, bacteria may enter. Histamines are released, causing blood vessels (capillaries) to dilate. This increases blood flow and allows phagocytes to move from the blood to the site of infection to engulf and destroy the bacteria.

Answer:

1. Specific defenses target particular pathogens and involve lymphocytes and antibodies for immunity, while nonspecific defenses are general and act against a wide - range of threats.
2. The illustration shows the inflammatory response. When a splinter pierces the skin, histamines are released, blood vessels dilate, and phagocytes move to the site to destroy bacteria.