Question

individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting
a. self - actualization attributes
b. the fight - or - flight response
c. attributional deficits
d. cognitive dissonance
e. learned helplessness

Explanation:

• Self-actualization refers to pursuing one's full potential, not inaction due to perceived unavoidable hardship.
• Fight-or-flight is a stress response involving active action (fight) or escape (flight), not inaction.
• Attributional deficits involve difficulties assigning causes to events, not the learned inaction described.
• Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort of conflicting beliefs/behavior, not passive acceptance of unavoidable negative events.
• Learned helplessness is exactly the psychological state where individuals believe negative events are unavoidable and stop trying to change their circumstances.

Answer:

E. learned helplessness