Question

a student drinks a lot of water. which response is most likely to happen?
a. the kidneys remove more water as urine.
b. the kidneys keep more water in the body.
c. the body releases more adh.
d. the body keeps sodium and water.

1. short response: explain how negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

part 4 - protecting against pathogens
the immune system protects the body from harmful invaders called pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. white blood cells (wbcs) play a key role by detecting and destroying invaders. some engulf and destroy pathogens, while others produce antibodies. the lymphatic system, including lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus—acts as a filter to trap harmful microbes. innate immunity responds quickly and non - specifically, while adaptive immunity is slower but highly specific, using b - cells to produce antibodies and t - cells to attack infected cells.

1. which cells produce antibodies to mark pathogens?

a. red blood cells
b. platelets
c. b - cells
d. muscle cells

1. which system works with the immune system to filter pathogens?

a. circulatory system
b. lymphatic system
c. respiratory system
d. nervous system

1. short response: what is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity? give an example of each.

Explanation:

1. When a student drinks a lot of water, the body needs to maintain osmotic balance. The kidneys will remove more water as urine to prevent over - hydration. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released to conserve water, so when there is excess water, less ADH is released, and the body doesn't keep more water or sodium and water.
2. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis by counteracting changes. For example, if body temperature rises, negative - feedback mechanisms such as sweating and vasodilation are activated to lower the temperature back to normal.
3. B - cells produce antibodies to mark pathogens. Red blood cells carry oxygen, platelets are involved in blood clotting, and muscle cells are for movement.
4. The lymphatic system works with the immune system to filter pathogens. It contains lymph nodes, spleen, etc. which trap and remove pathogens.
5. Innate immunity is non - specific and rapid, like the skin acting as a barrier and phagocytes engulfing pathogens. Adaptive immunity is slower but highly specific, using B - cells and T - cells to target specific pathogens, such as the production of antibodies against a particular virus.

Answer:

1. a. The kidneys remove more water as urine.
2. Negative feedback counteracts changes to maintain a stable internal environment. For example, in temperature regulation, when body temperature changes, negative - feedback mechanisms act to restore it to normal.
3. c. B - cells
4. b. Lymphatic system
5. Innate immunity is non - specific and quick (e.g., skin barrier, phagocyte action). Adaptive immunity is specific and slower (e.g., antibody production by B - cells against a specific pathogen).