Question

1. when is an argument valid?

a. when the conclusion necessarily follows from the given set of premises.
b. when the conclusion does not necessarily follow from the given set of premises.

Explanation:

A valid argument in logic is defined such that if all its premises are true, the conclusion must be true—meaning the conclusion logically and necessarily follows from the premises.

Answer:

A. When the conclusion necessarily follows from the given set of premises.