Question

which of the following are not examples of helping verbs?
am, is, are, was, were
and, seems, not, or
have, has, had
shall, should, will, would

Explanation:

Helping verbs (auxiliary verbs) support main verbs to show tense, voice, or modality. "am, is, are, was, were" are be-verbs (auxiliary), "have, has, had" are perfect auxiliary verbs, and "shall, should, will, would" are modal auxiliary verbs. In contrast, "and" and "or" are conjunctions, "not" is an adverb, and "seems" is a main linking verb—none are helping verbs.

Answer:

and, seems, not, or