Question

which sentence includes a restrictive clause?
○ i often see my middle school english teacher shopping at the mall.
○ the english novelist charles dickens also wrote plays and articles.
○ the ceramic cups birgit bought at the garage sale are all chipped.
○ american literature, which we study in 11th grade, is my favorite subject.

Explanation:

A restrictive clause is an essential adjective clause that defines the noun it modifies, has no commas, and cannot be removed without changing the sentence's core meaning.

1. The first sentence has no dependent clause.
2. The second sentence uses an appositive, not a restrictive clause.
3. The third sentence has "Birgit bought at the garage sale" which is a restrictive clause: it defines which ceramic cups are chipped, has no commas, and removing it would make the sentence incomplete in meaning.
4. The fourth sentence has a non-restrictive clause (set off by commas: "which we study in 11th grade") that can be removed without altering the core meaning.

Answer:

C. The ceramic cups Birgit bought at the garage sale are all chipped.