Question

which of these types of environments is most likely to experience the arrival of a pioneer species? a an old growth forest b an undisturbed prairie c an established mountain lake d a newly formed volcanic island

Explanation:

Pioneer species are the first to colonize a barren or newly formed environment with little to no soil or existing life. A newly formed volcanic island is a primary succession site (starting from bare rock/lava), so pioneer species (like lichens, mosses) will arrive here. Old - growth forests, undisturbed prairies, and established mountain lakes are mature or undisturbed ecosystems with existing communities, not sites for pioneer species colonization.

Answer:

D. a newly formed volcanic island