Question

1. in chemistry there is a saying \like dissolves like,\ which means things will mix with or dissolve into each other best when their polarities are similar.

a. is water polar or nonpolar?
b. is oil polar or nonpolar?
c. which of the substances in model 2 would dissolve well in water? justify your reasoning.
d. which of the substances in model 2 are more likely to dissolve well in oil? justify your reasoning.
e. which class of substances in model 2, polar or nonpolar, is more likely to be found in high concentrations in the bloodstream of a vertebrate? justify your reasoning.

Explanation:

Step1: Recall polarity of water and oil

Water is a polar molecule due to its bent - shape and the electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen. Oil is non - polar as it consists of long hydrocarbon chains with relatively even distribution of electrons.

Step2: Apply the "like dissolves like" principle

Polar substances dissolve in polar solvents and non - polar substances dissolve in non - polar solvents. Water is a polar solvent, so polar substances will dissolve well in it. Oil is a non - polar solvent, so non - polar substances will dissolve well in it.

Step3: Consider blood - stream composition

The bloodstream is mostly water. So polar substances are more likely to be found in high concentrations in the bloodstream as they can dissolve in the water component of blood.

Answer:

a. Water is polar. Water has a bent molecular shape and a significant electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen atoms, creating a dipole moment.
b. Oil is non - polar. Oil is composed of long hydrocarbon chains where electrons are distributed relatively evenly, resulting in no significant dipole moment.
c. Polar substances in Model 2 would dissolve well in water. According to the "like dissolves like" principle, polar substances interact favorably with the polar water molecules through dipole - dipole interactions or hydrogen bonding.
d. Non - polar substances in Model 2 are more likely to dissolve well in oil. Since oil is non - polar, non - polar substances can dissolve in it through London dispersion forces.
e. Polar substances in Model 2 are more likely to be found in high concentrations in the bloodstream. The bloodstream is mostly water (a polar solvent), so polar substances can dissolve and be transported in it.