Question

7cell organelles and their functions
after reviewing your notes and watching the review videos, complete this chart to demonstrate your understanding of cell organelles and their functions

organelle	structure: description or composition (what is it made of)	function: job (why is this organelle important to the cell it is located inside)	location: (plant, animal, bacterial cell)	picture
cell membrane
chloroplast
nucleus
lysosome
ribosome
golgi (bodies) apparatus
cell wall

Answer:

To complete the chart for each cell organelle, we use knowledge of cell biology (subfield of Biology, Natural Science) to fill in the structure, function, location, and (if applicable) picture description. Here's the breakdown for each organelle:

1. Cell Membrane

• Structure: A thin, flexible, semi - permeable lipid bilayer (made of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates) with a fluid - mosaic structure.
• Function: Regulates the entry and exit of substances (like nutrients, waste, and ions) into and out of the cell; also provides structural support and cell recognition.
• Location: Plant, animal, and bacterial cells (all cells have a cell membrane).
• Picture: Typically depicted as a double - layered line (or a more detailed fluid - mosaic model with embedded proteins) surrounding the cell’s interior.

2. Chloroplast

• Structure: Membrane - bound organelle with an outer membrane, inner membrane, and a system of thylakoids (stacked into grana) in a stroma - filled matrix; contains chlorophyll (pigment) and its own DNA.
• Function: Captures light energy from the sun and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen through photosynthesis.
• Location: Plant cells (and some photosynthetic bacteria, but mainly plant cells).
• Picture: Usually shown as a green, oval - shaped organelle with internal stacks (grana) of thylakoids.

3. Nucleus

• Structure: Membrane - bound (nuclear envelope with pores) organelle containing the cell’s DNA (in the form of chromatin or chromosomes) and a nucleolus (where ribosomes are made).
• Function: Controls the cell’s activities (growth, metabolism, reproduction) by regulating gene expression; stores genetic information.
• Location: Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells; bacterial cells lack a nucleus).
• Picture: A circular or oval - shaped structure with a darker - stained nucleolus inside, surrounded by a nuclear envelope.

4. Lysosome

• Structure: Membrane - bound vesicle containing digestive enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes).
• Function: Digests (breaks down) waste materials, old cell parts (organelles), and foreign invaders (like bacteria) in the cell; helps in cell renewal and defense.
• Location: Animal cells (rare in plant cells, where vacuoles perform similar functions).
• Picture: Depicted as a small, spherical vesicle with enzymes inside, often near the Golgi apparatus.

5. Ribosome

• Structure: Small, non - membrane - bound organelle made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins; exists as free ribosomes (in the cytoplasm) or bound ribosomes (attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum).
• Function: Synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains (amino acid sequences).
• Location: Plant, animal, and bacterial cells (all cells need protein synthesis).
• Picture: Shown as tiny dots (or small spheres) in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.

6. Golgi (Bodies) Apparatus

• Structure: A stack of flattened, membrane - bound sacs (cisternae) with associated vesicles.
• Function: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins (from the rough ER) and lipids; transports these molecules to their final destinations (inside the cell, outside the cell, or to other organelles).
• Location: Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells).
• Picture: Drawn as a stack of pancakes - like sacs with vesicles budding off.

7. Cell Wall

• Structure: A rigid, outer layer made of cellulose (in plant cells), peptidoglycan (in bacterial cells), or chitin (in fungal cells); provides structural support.
• Function: Gives the cell shape, protects the cell from mechanical damage and osmotic stress; prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment.
• Location: Plant cells, bacterial cells, and fungal cells (animal cells lack a cell wall).
• Picture: Depicted as a thick, outer layer surrounding the cell membrane in plant/bacterial cells.

To fill the chart, you can transfer this information into the respective columns. For example:

Organelle	Structure	Function	Location	Picture (Description)
Chloroplast	Membrane - bound, thylakoids (grana), stroma, chlorophyll, own DNA	Photosynthesis (makes glucose + O₂)	Plant cells	Green, oval with internal grana
Nucleus	Membrane - bound, chromatin/DNA, nucleolus, nuclear pores	Controls cell activities; stores DNA	Plant, animal cells	Circular with dark nucleolus, nuclear envelope
Lysosome	Membrane - bound vesicle, digestive enzymes	Digests waste, old parts, invaders	Animal cells	Small vesicle with enzymes
Ribosome	Non - membrane - bound, rRNA + proteins, free or bound	Protein synthesis (translates mRNA)	Plant, animal, bacterial cells	Tiny dots (free) or attached to rough ER
Golgi (Bodies) Apparatus	Stack of flattened cisternae, vesicles	Modifies, sorts, packages proteins/lipids	Plant, animal cells	Stack of “pancakes” with budding vesicles
Cell Wall	Rigid, cellulose (plant), peptidoglycan (bacteria)	Supports, protects, prevents bursting	Plant, bacterial, fungal cells	Thick outer layer around cell membrane

If you need to draw the pictures, use the descriptions to guide your illustrations (e.g., chloroplast as green ovals with grana, mitochondria as sausage - shaped with inner folds, etc.).