Question

1. experiment: turn on show electronegativity. electronegativity (en) describes how strongly an atom attracts a pair of shared electrons. the higher the en value, the greater the tendency of an atom to hold onto electrons in a bond and become negatively charged. electronegativity difference is found by subtracting the en value of one atom from another. choose two nonmetals with a small (or no) en difference between them. click play. what happens to the shared electrons in this bond? when the shared electrons experience the same attraction from each atom, the result is a nonpolar covalent bond. drag the bonded atoms to the nonpolar covalent bond bin. 6. experiment: choose two nonmetals with a large electronegativity difference. click play. what happens to the valence electrons in this bond? a bond in which the electrons are shared unequally is a polar covalent bond. notice the small δ+ and δ− symbols, which indicate partial charges. drag the resulting combination to the polar covalent bond bin. 7. classify: use the gizmo to categorize the remaining element combinations as forming either ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent bonds. list your results below. ionic (en difference ≥ 1.67) polar covalent (en diff. < 1.67 and > 0.40) nonpolar covalent (en difference ≤ 0.40)

Explanation:

Step1: For two non - metals with small (or no) EN difference

The shared electrons are shared equally between the two atoms as the atoms attract the shared electrons with similar force.

Step2: For two non - metals with large EN difference

The valence electrons are pulled more strongly towards the more electronegative atom. This creates partial charges (δ+ on the less electronegative atom and δ - on the more electronegative atom) and results in a polar covalent bond.

Step3: For classifying bonds using EN differences

When EN difference ≥ 1.67, the bond is ionic as one atom completely transfers electrons to the other. When 0.40 < EN diff < 1.67, the bond is polar covalent as electrons are shared unequally. When EN difference ≤ 0.40, the bond is non - polar covalent as electrons are shared equally.

Answer:

1. For two non - metals with small (or no) EN difference: The shared electrons are shared equally.
2. For two non - metals with large EN difference: The valence electrons are pulled more towards the more electronegative atom creating partial charges.
3. Classification: Bonds with EN difference ≥ 1.67 are ionic; bonds with 0.40 < EN diff < 1.67 are polar covalent; bonds with EN difference ≤ 0.40 are non - polar covalent.