Question

lesson 2
give 3 examples of properties of water that are caused by its hydrogen bonding.
fill in the missing vocabulary word for each definition.

• a bond resulting from two atoms sharing electrons
• pure substances made of positive and negative ions in a fixed ratio
• the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance one degree celsius
• the tendency of a surface to resist an applied force

lesson 3
fill in the missing vocabulary word for each definition.

• atoms or molecules which have gained or lost electrons
• anything that has mass and takes up space
• the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding it so that the liquid changes into a vapor

what does boiling depend on?

Explanation:

Lesson 2 - Fill in the missing vocabulary word for each definition:

1. Definition: a bond resulting from two atoms sharing electrons

• This is a covalent bond. Covalent bonds form when atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

1. Definition: pure substances made of positive and negative ions in a fixed ratio

• This is an ionic compound. Ionic compounds are formed from the electrostatic attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, with a fixed ratio of ions.

1. Definition: the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance one degree Celsius

• This is specific heat capacity (or specific heat). It quantifies how much heat a substance needs to absorb to increase its temperature.

1. Definition: the tendency of a surface to resist an applied force

• This is surface tension. Surface tension arises from cohesive forces between liquid molecules, causing the surface to behave like a stretched elastic membrane.

Lesson 2 - Give 3 examples of properties of water that are caused by its hydrogen bonding:

1. High Specific Heat: Hydrogen bonds require a large amount of energy to break, so water can absorb or release significant heat without large temperature changes. This stabilizes temperatures in environments (e.g., oceans regulating climate).
2. High Heat of Vaporization: Evaporating water (e.g., sweating) requires breaking hydrogen bonds, which absorbs heat and cools the body.
3. Cohesion and Adhesion: Cohesion (water molecules sticking to each other, forming surface tension) and adhesion (water sticking to other polar surfaces, like capillary action in plants) result from hydrogen bonding.

Lesson 3 - Fill in the missing vocabulary word for each definition:

1. Definition: atoms or molecules which have gained or lost electrons

• These are ions. Atoms become ions when they gain (anions) or lose (cations) electrons, resulting in a net charge.

1. Definition: anything that has mass and takes up space

• This is matter. Matter includes all physical substances, from solids and liquids to gases, and is defined by having mass and occupying volume.

1. Definition: the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding it so that the liquid changes into a vapor

• This is the boiling point. At the boiling point, vaporization occurs throughout the liquid (unlike evaporation, which is surface - only), as the internal vapor pressure matches external atmospheric (or surrounding) pressure.

Lesson 3 - What does boiling depend on?

Boiling depends on pressure (specifically, the surrounding pressure) and the vapor pressure of the liquid. The boiling point is the temperature where the liquid’s vapor pressure equals the external (surrounding) pressure. For example, at higher altitudes (lower atmospheric pressure), water boils at a lower temperature because the external pressure is lower, so the vapor pressure of water reaches the external pressure at a lower temperature. Also, the nature of the liquid (its intermolecular forces, like hydrogen bonding in water) affects its vapor pressure and thus its boiling point.

Answer:

Lesson 2 - Fill in the missing vocabulary word for each definition:

1. Definition: a bond resulting from two atoms sharing electrons

• This is a covalent bond. Covalent bonds form when atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

1. Definition: pure substances made of positive and negative ions in a fixed ratio

• This is an ionic compound. Ionic compounds are formed from the electrostatic attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, with a fixed ratio of ions.

1. Definition: the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance one degree Celsius

• This is specific heat capacity (or specific heat). It quantifies how much heat a substance needs to absorb to increase its temperature.

1. Definition: the tendency of a surface to resist an applied force

• This is surface tension. Surface tension arises from cohesive forces between liquid molecules, causing the surface to behave like a stretched elastic membrane.

Lesson 2 - Give 3 examples of properties of water that are caused by its hydrogen bonding:

1. High Specific Heat: Hydrogen bonds require a large amount of energy to break, so water can absorb or release significant heat without large temperature changes. This stabilizes temperatures in environments (e.g., oceans regulating climate).
2. High Heat of Vaporization: Evaporating water (e.g., sweating) requires breaking hydrogen bonds, which absorbs heat and cools the body.
3. Cohesion and Adhesion: Cohesion (water molecules sticking to each other, forming surface tension) and adhesion (water sticking to other polar surfaces, like capillary action in plants) result from hydrogen bonding.

Lesson 3 - Fill in the missing vocabulary word for each definition:

1. Definition: atoms or molecules which have gained or lost electrons

• These are ions. Atoms become ions when they gain (anions) or lose (cations) electrons, resulting in a net charge.

1. Definition: anything that has mass and takes up space

• This is matter. Matter includes all physical substances, from solids and liquids to gases, and is defined by having mass and occupying volume.

1. Definition: the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding it so that the liquid changes into a vapor

• This is the boiling point. At the boiling point, vaporization occurs throughout the liquid (unlike evaporation, which is surface - only), as the internal vapor pressure matches external atmospheric (or surrounding) pressure.

Lesson 3 - What does boiling depend on?

Boiling depends on pressure (specifically, the surrounding pressure) and the vapor pressure of the liquid. The boiling point is the temperature where the liquid’s vapor pressure equals the external (surrounding) pressure. For example, at higher altitudes (lower atmospheric pressure), water boils at a lower temperature because the external pressure is lower, so the vapor pressure of water reaches the external pressure at a lower temperature. Also, the nature of the liquid (its intermolecular forces, like hydrogen bonding in water) affects its vapor pressure and thus its boiling point.