Question

1. looking at your answers to questions 1 and 2 from model 1, tell what atoms are represented by: a. the small, unshaded circles in model 2. ____________ b. the larger gray shaded circles in model 2. __________ 7. what do the solid lines between the small and large circles represent? __________ 8. according to model 2, what is represented by the dotted lines? __________ 9. remember that electrons in a water molecule are more dense around the oxygen atom and less dense around the hydrogen atoms. a. what kind of charge would the oxygen atom have compared to the hydrogen atoms? __________ b. what kind of charge would the hydrogen atoms have compared to the oxygen? ____________ 10.describe the arrangement of the water molecules in model 2 with one another. 11.describe the cause of the attractions between molecules of water. 12.if another water molecule was added to the group in model 2 at the upper right side, which of its atoms would be connected to the existing molecule with a dotted line? describe your groups reasoning. one more page after this!

Explanation:

Step1: Identify atoms in water molecule

In a water molecule ($H_2O$), hydrogen atoms are smaller and oxygen atoms are larger. The small, un - shaded circles represent hydrogen atoms.

Step2: Identify larger atoms

The larger gray - shaded circles represent oxygen atoms.

Step3: Identify solid lines

The solid lines between small (hydrogen) and large (oxygen) circles represent covalent bonds. In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are joined by covalent bonds where electrons are shared.

Step4: Identify dotted lines

The dotted lines represent hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between the slightly positive hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen atom of another water molecule.

Step5: Determine charges

Since electrons are more dense around the oxygen atom, oxygen has a partial negative charge compared to hydrogen. Hydrogen has a partial positive charge compared to oxygen due to the unequal sharing of electrons in the covalent bond.

Step6: Describe water molecule arrangement

Water molecules are arranged in a way that the hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the oxygen of another molecule through hydrogen bonds, forming a network - like structure.

Step7: Describe cause of attractions

The attractions between water molecules are due to hydrogen bonding. The polarity of water molecules (unequal sharing of electrons resulting in partial charges) allows for these weak electrostatic attractions between the hydrogen of one molecule and the oxygen of another.

Step8: Predict addition of a water molecule

If another water molecule is added, the hydrogen atom of the new water molecule would be connected to the oxygen atom of an existing molecule with a dotted line (hydrogen bond) because of the attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen and the slightly negative oxygen.

Answer:

a. Hydrogen atoms
b. Oxygen atoms

1. Covalent bonds
2. Hydrogen bonds
3. a. Partial negative charge

b. Partial positive charge

1. Arranged with hydrogen of one molecule attracted to oxygen of another through hydrogen bonds, forming a network - like structure.
2. Due to hydrogen bonding caused by the polarity of water molecules (unequal electron sharing resulting in partial charges).
3. The hydrogen atom of the new water molecule would be connected to the oxygen atom of an existing molecule with a dotted line (hydrogen bond) because of the attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen and the slightly negative oxygen.