Question

navigate to this website and answer the questions that follow.
the fight or flight response & how cells communicate during fight or flight response

1. what structure in the brain detects the first environmental signal?
2. this structure sends a nervous signal where?
3. this structure sends a chemical signal where?
4. what does the pituitary gland release?
5. where is the adrenal gland located?
6. the adrenal gland releases __________ or __________ into the bloodstream.
7. which is the signaling molecule?
8. which is the receptor?
9. what kind of molecule is camp?
10. what does camp activate?
11. what is the star regulatory protein responsible for?
12. what is the final product that leaves the adrenal gland freely across the cell membrane called?
13. describe what types of signaling cascades that cortisol will initiate.
14. what enzyme breaks down glycogen into glucose?
15. glucose gets transported out of what organ’s cells?
16. how does epinephrine (adrenaline) work on the skin?
17. how does epinephrine work on sweat glands?
18. how does epinephrine work on the lungs?
19. how does epinephrine work on the heart?

Explanation:

These answers are based on standard biological knowledge of the fight-or-flight response and cell communication pathways involved.

Answer:

1. The amygdala (in the brain)
2. To the hypothalamus and brainstem
3. To the pituitary gland
4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
5. On top of each kidney
6. Epinephrine (adrenaline); norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
7. Examples include epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, or ACTH
8. Adrenergic receptors (on target cells)
9. A second messenger molecule
10. Protein kinase A (PKA)
11. Transporting cholesterol into the mitochondria of adrenal gland cells to start steroid hormone (like cortisol) synthesis
12. Cortisol
13. Cortisol initiates intracellular signaling cascades that alter gene expression (by binding to intracellular receptors that act as transcription factors) and can also trigger rapid non-genomic signaling pathways in some cells.
14. Glycogen phosphorylase
15. The liver
16. It causes blood vessels in the skin to constrict, redirecting blood to vital organs and muscles.
17. It stimulates sweat gland activity to increase perspiration for cooling.
18. It binds to receptors in lung airway smooth muscle, causing relaxation to widen airways (bronchodilation) and increase oxygen intake.
19. It increases heart rate and the force of heart muscle contractions, boosting blood flow to the body's tissues.