Question

of these valves.

1. list the components of the conduction system of the heart, and trace the conduction pathway.
2. sketch the diagram of a normal ecg. identify each of the waves an indicate what events of the heart each represents.
3. describe and correlate the events of the cardiac cycle. include the following:

ecg volumes diastole edv valve opening and closing
pressures systole esv heart sounds.

1. calculate and show the relationship between cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume and describe factors that would affect cardiac output.

chapter 19:: the cardiovascular system:: blood vessels

1. list and describe the role of the major types of blood vessels. describe how they relate to one another and the role each plays in blood flow.
2. list and describe the anatomy and function of the three layers that form the wall of a blood vessel. differentiate between the layers of the three blood vessels.
3. list and describe the anatomy and function of the three types of arteries.
4. list and describe the anatomy and function of the three types of capillaries.
5. describe the anatomy and function of veins. explain the role venous valves play in blood flow.
6. compare and contrast the three major vessels:

size thickness pressure blood velocity cross - sectional area.

1. describe the factors the affect blood pressure throughout the circulatory system including:

stroke volume heart rate vascular resistance

1. define the following:

systolic pressure diastolic pressure pulse pressure

1. define and use the formula to calculate the mean arterial pressure (map).
2. list the nine clinically important arterial pulse points.
3. describe the process of measuring blood pressure.
4. explain the role the muscular and the respiratory pump play in venous return.
5. describe the mechanisms used to maintain blood pressure, including:

baroreflexes chemoreflexes hormonal influences

1. discuss the process of capillary exchange. explain the role of diffusion, and filtration/reabsorption in

Explanation:

To solve question 47 (Define and use the formula to calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP)):

Step 1: Define Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is the average pressure in a person's arteries during one cardiac cycle. It is an important measure of perfusion pressure to organs and tissues.

Step 2: Recall the Formula for MAP

The formula to calculate MAP is:
$$\text{MAP} = \text{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3} \times (\text{Systolic Pressure} - \text{Diastolic Pressure})$$
This can also be written as:
$$\text{MAP} = \frac{2 \times \text{Diastolic Pressure} + \text{Systolic Pressure}}{3}$$

Step 3: Example Calculation (Optional, but helps illustrate)

Suppose a person has a systolic pressure of $120 \, \text{mmHg}$ and a diastolic pressure of $80 \, \text{mmHg}$.

Using the formula:
$$\text{MAP} = 80 + \frac{1}{3} \times (120 - 80)$$
$$\text{MAP} = 80 + \frac{1}{3} \times 40$$
$$\text{MAP} = 80 + 13.33$$
$$\text{MAP} \approx 93.33 \, \text{mmHg}$$

Answer:

• Definition: Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is the average pressure in the arteries over one cardiac cycle, representing the perfusion pressure to organs.
• Formula: $\boldsymbol{\text{MAP} = \text{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3} \times (\text{Systolic Pressure} - \text{Diastolic Pressure})}$ (or $\boldsymbol{\text{MAP} = \frac{2 \times \text{Diastolic Pressure} + \text{Systolic Pressure}}{3}}$).
• Example Calculation (for systolic = $120 \, \text{mmHg}$, diastolic = $80 \, \text{mmHg}$): $\text{MAP} \approx 93.33 \, \text{mmHg}$ (calculation shown above).