Question

1. write the names and formulas of two common acids and two common bases. state at least one use for each acid and base.
2. make a table that compares the following characteristics of acids and bases.

(a) taste (b) effect on litmus
(c) ph (d) arrhenius definition

1. identify two ways to measure ph. then, describe one advantage and one drawback of each method.
2. phosphoric acid has the formula h₃po₄(aq). name each of the following related acids.

(a) h₃po₃(aq) (b) h₃po₅(aq) (c) h₃po₂(aq)

1. the formula for nitric acid is hno₃(aq). what is the correct formula for each acid named below?

(a) nitrous acid (b) pernitric acid (c) hyponitrous acid

Explanation:

1.

Step1: Name and formula of common acids

Hydrochloric acid with formula $HCl(aq)$ is used in stomach - digestion to break down food. Sulfuric acid with formula $H_2SO_4(aq)$ is used in the production of fertilizers.

Step2: Name and formula of common bases

Sodium hydroxide with formula $NaOH(aq)$ is used in soap - making. Calcium hydroxide with formula $Ca(OH)_2(aq)$ is used in water treatment to adjust pH.

Step1: First method - pH paper

pH paper is a simple and quick way to measure pH. Advantage: Inexpensive and easy to use. Drawback: Gives only an approximate value and may be affected by other substances in the solution.

Step2: Second method - pH meter

A pH meter is a more accurate device for measuring pH. Advantage: Provides a precise numerical value. Drawback: Requires calibration, is more expensive, and needs proper maintenance.

Step1: Name of $H_3PO_3(aq)$

It is phosphorous acid.

Step2: Name of $H_3PO_5(aq)$

It is peroxophosphoric acid.

Step3: Name of $H_3PO_2(aq)$

It is hypophosphorous acid.

Answer:

Acids: Hydrochloric acid ($HCl(aq)$), Sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4(aq)$); Bases: Sodium hydroxide ($NaOH(aq)$), Calcium hydroxide ($Ca(OH)_2(aq)$)

2.

Characteristic	Acids	Bases
Effect on litmus	Turns blue litmus red	Turns red litmus blue
pH	Less than 7	Greater than 7
Arrhenius definition	Produce $H^+$ ions in water	Produce $OH^-$ ions in water

3.