Question

1. consider the polar molecules in model 2.

a. in general, the presence of atoms of what element(s) makes a molecule polar?
b. what property do atoms of these elements have that helps make the molecules they are in polar?
c. can nonpolar molecules also have atoms of these elements? if yes, what distinguishes a non - polar molecule from a polar molecule?

Explanation:

Step1: Identify key elements for polarity

In general, the presence of electronegative atoms like oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), fluorine (F) makes a molecule polar as they create a charge - separation.

Step2: Determine polar - property elements

These electronegative atoms have high electronegativity which helps in making the molecule polar by attracting the bonding electrons more towards themselves, creating a dipole moment.

Step3: Analyze non - polar to polar conversion

Nonpolar molecules can become polar if they have atoms that can form polar bonds under certain conditions, such as when they react with polar substances or when their molecular geometry changes to create a net dipole moment.

Answer:

a. Electronegative elements like O, N, F.
b. High electronegativity to create dipole moments.
c. Yes, under certain conditions such as reaction with polar substances or change in molecular geometry.