Question

10 multiple choice 1 point high - speed videos of lightning show that strikes do not travel in one continuous path, but instead in short steps. which explanation best fits this observation? electric fields in the atmosphere guide charges in stages, causing electrons to move along regions where the field is strongest. charges in the cloud move randomly until they collide with molecules, producing a step - like discharge. lightning stops and starts because charges lose energy, then regain it. lightning occurs in steps because gravity pulls the charges down gradually instead of all at once. 11 multiple choice 1 point which statement best explains why oxygen tends to form a negative ion in a lightning storm? oxygens nucleus pulls protons from nearby atoms to balance its charge. oxygen has 8 valence electrons and loses 2 electrons to become stable. oxygen has only 1 valence electron, so it gives it away to another atom. oxygen has 6 valence electrons and gains 2 electrons to complete its octet. 12 multiple choice 1 point answer the question and following multiple - choice scaffolded questions to build your understanding. then, use your answers as evidence to write a full response to the big question: where should you go to minimize risk of lightning strike, and why? comparing lightning strikes table: energy released by different lightning strikes strike type duration (s) energy (j) cloud - to - air 0.2 1.5×10^9 cloud - to - ground 0.5 5.0×10^9 which strike releases more total energy? cloud - to - air cloud - to - ground

Explanation:

1. For question 10: Electric fields in the atmosphere guide charges in stages, causing electrons to move along regions where the field is strongest, which explains the step - like motion of lightning strikes. Charges moving randomly until collision doesn't accurately describe the step - like motion, and the energy - loss and gravity - based explanations are incorrect.
2. For question 11: Oxygen has 6 valence electrons and gains 2 electrons to complete its octet, which makes it form a negative ion. Protons are not pulled from nearby atoms, and oxygen doesn't lose electrons or have only 1 valence electron in this context.
3. For question 12: To find which strike releases more total energy, we compare the energy values in the table. Cloud - to - Ground lightning has an energy of \(5.0\times10^{9}\text{ J}\) and Cloud - to - Air lightning has an energy of \(1.5\times10^{9}\text{ J}\), so Cloud - to - Ground releases more energy.

Answer:

1. Electric fields in the atmosphere guide charges in stages, causing electrons to move along regions where the field is strongest.
2. Oxygen has 6 valence electrons and gains 2 electrons to complete its octet.
3. Cloud - to - Ground