Question

atoms, elements, chemical bonds and enzymes

1. what is an atom made up of(3 subatomic particles)?
2. what are the charges (+, -, neutral) for each subatomic particle?
3. where are the protons and neutrons located?
4. where are the electrons located?
5. how do you find the number of neutrons in an element?
6. what two things add up to the atomic mass? +
7. what does the atomic number tell you? the number of what?
8. how many electrons can fit in the 1st energy level?
9. how many electrons can fit in the rest of the energy levels?
10. draw a beryllium atom (use your table of elements).
11. what are the two types of chemical bonds? what is the difference between them?
12. what elements make up a water molecule?
13. draw a water molecules with the elements:
14. explain how water is polar (you can draw a picture to explain):
15. what type of bond does a water molecule have when it comes in contact with another water molecule?
16. what is cohesion? give an example.
17. what is adhesion? give an example.

Explanation:

Step1: Answer question 1

An atom is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Step2: Answer question 2

Protons have a positive charge (+), electrons have a negative charge (-), and neutrons are neutral.

Step3: Answer question 3

Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom.

Step4: Answer question 4

Electrons are located in electron - shells (orbitals) outside the nucleus.

Step5: Answer question 5

The number of neutrons in an element is found by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass (Number of neutrons = Atomic mass - Atomic number).

Step6: Answer question 6

The atomic mass is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons.

Step7: Answer question 7

The atomic number tells you the number of protons in an atom.

Step8: Answer question 8

The first energy level can fit 2 electrons.

Step9: Answer question 9

The rest of the energy levels can fit a maximum of 8 electrons (except for the first one).

Step10: Answer question 10

Beryllium has an atomic number of 4. It has 4 protons and 4 neutrons in the nucleus, and 4 electrons in two energy levels (2 in the first and 2 in the second). A simple drawing would show a nucleus with 4 protons and 4 neutrons, and two electron - shells with 2 electrons in the inner shell and 2 in the outer shell.

Step11: Answer question 11

The two types of chemical bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating ions that are attracted to each other. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Step12: Answer question 12

A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H₂O).

Step13: Answer question 13

A simple drawing of a water molecule would show an oxygen atom in the center with two hydrogen atoms bonded to it at an angle.

Step14: Answer question 14

Water is polar because the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms. This causes the electrons in the covalent bonds to be more attracted to the oxygen, creating a partial negative charge on the oxygen and partial positive charges on the hydrogens. A drawing could show the uneven distribution of electrons and the resulting partial charges.

Step15: Answer question 15

When a water molecule comes in contact with another water molecule, it forms a hydrogen bond.

Step16: Answer question 16

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same kind. An example is water beading up on a surface.

Step17: Answer question 17

Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different kinds. An example is water sticking to the side of a glass.

Answer:

1. Protons, neutrons, electrons
2. Protons: +, Electrons: -, Neutrons: neutral
3. In the nucleus
4. In electron - shells outside the nucleus
5. Number of neutrons = Atomic mass - Atomic number
6. Protons + Neutrons
7. The number of protons
8. 2
9. 8 (except the first level)
10. Nucleus with 4 protons and 4 neutrons, 2 electrons in first shell and 2 in second shell (drawing)
11. Ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic: electron - transfer, Covalent: electron - sharing
12. Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
13. Oxygen in center with two hydrogen atoms bonded at an angle (drawing)
14. Oxygen is more electronegative, creating partial charges (drawing possible)
15. Hydrogen bond
16. Attraction between same - kind molecules, e.g., water beading
17. Attraction between different - kind molecules, e.g., water sticking to glass