Question

literary / text elements persuasive appeals directions: read the passage below. then, answer the questions. 1 what is noble about the lack of gender diversity among nobel prize winners? not much. between 1901 and 2018, more than 900 people have been awarded nobel prizes. only 52 of those honorees have been women. of these 52 women, only 21 were awarded science - related prizes. obviously, the nobel committee must dedicate itself to ensuring that future winners reflect gender diversity. after all, the earth is nearly 50 percent female. 2 it is clear that implicit bias is to blame for the lack of representation in the winners circle. in the past, powerful men have taken credit for the ideas and efforts of their female colleagues. although such behavior is less likely today, we still see gender disparities in the sciences. in 2018, donna strickland won the nobel prize in physics, the first woman to do so since 1963. marie curie is the only other woman to hold an award in physics. she won the prize in 1903 only at the behest of her husband and fellow honoree, pierre curie. 3 according to national geographic, between 1924 and 1965, lise meitner was nominated for the physics prize 29 times and the chemistry prize another 18 times. despite her role in discovering nuclear fission, meitner never won a nobel prize. we hope times are changing for us. the american physical society concluded that in 1965, the last year lise meitner was nominated for a nobel prize, women earned about 5 percent of bachelors degrees in physics. today, that number is about 20 percent. if we continue to encourage young women to explore careers in science, we may see a rise in the number of female nobel prize winners as well. 1. restate the speakers claim. 2. what type of appeal does the evidence in paragraph 1 create? 3. give an example of pathos in paragraph 2, and explain how it supports the claim. 4. explain where and how the speaker uses ethos to support the claim. 5. in paragraph 3, in what way does the speaker identify or directly address the audience? 6. is the speaker addressing a receptive or a hostile audience? explain.

Explanation:

1. The speaker's claim is that there is a lack of gender diversity among Nobel - Prize winners and the Nobel Committee should work to ensure future winners reflect gender diversity.
2. The evidence in paragraph 1 creates a logos appeal by using statistics (number of Nobel - Prize winners, number of women winners, etc.) to support the claim.
3. An example of pathos in paragraph 2 is the mention of Marie Curie winning the prize only at the behest of her husband. It evokes sympathy for the unfair treatment of female scientists in the past, strengthening the claim about gender bias.
4. The speaker uses ethos by referring to well - known female scientists like Marie Curie and Lise Meitner. By citing their contributions and the unfairness they faced, the speaker builds credibility for the claim about gender bias in Nobel Prize awarding.
5. In paragraph 3, the speaker identifies "us" as people who hope for change, likely an audience that is concerned about gender equality in science.
6. The speaker is likely addressing a receptive audience as the tone assumes a shared concern about gender diversity and a hope for change.

Answer:

1. The Nobel Committee should ensure future Nobel - Prize winners reflect gender diversity due to the current lack of it.
2. Logos appeal, using statistics to support the claim.
3. Mention of Marie Curie winning only at her husband's behest; evokes sympathy for female scientists' past unfair treatment.
4. Referring to Marie Curie and Lise Meitner; builds credibility by citing well - known female scientists' unfair experiences.
5. Identifies "us" as those who hope for change in gender equality in science.
6. Receptive audience, as the tone assumes a shared concern for change.