11) crossing over is the exchange of segments between
a) chromatids c) sperm
b) gonads d) somatic cells
12) an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is
a) an increased number of offspring c) the maintenance of desired characteristics
b) a shorter development period d) a greater chance of favorable variations
13) in an organism, the chromosome number is exactly the same in
a) a somatic cell and a zygote c) a somatic cell and an egg cell
b) a zygote and a sperm cell d) a sperm cell and a somatic cell
14) how many chromosomes will be in the body cell of an organism if there are 20 chromosomes in the organism’s egg?
a) 10 c) 40
b) 20 d) 80
15) during which process are polar bodies formed?
a) cleavage c) male gamete formation
b) fission d) female gamete formation
16) in the human female, the number of mature gametes produced from a primary sex cell is
a) 1 c) 3
b) 2 d) 4
17) which statement best describes chromosomes that contain genes for the same characteristics?
a) they are homologous. c) they are present in a normal gamete.
b) they are linked d) they occur in the same monoploid cell.
18) in which process is the pairing of homologous chromosomes followed by the disjunction of these chromosome pairs?
a) binary fission c) budding
b) meiosis d) fertilization
19) when compared with the number of gametes produced from a single human primary sex cell during oogenesis, the number of gametes produced from a single human primary sex cell during spermatogenesis is usually:
a) four times as great c) twice as great
b) half as great d) the same
20) during meiotic cell division, the process in which homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move apart is known as:
a) internal fertilization c) regeneration
b) binary fission d) disjunction

Question

11) crossing over is the exchange of segments between
a) chromatids  c) sperm
b) gonads  d) somatic cells
12) an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is
a) an increased number of offspring  c) the maintenance of desired characteristics
b) a shorter development period  d) a greater chance of favorable variations
13) in an organism, the chromosome number is exactly the same in
a) a somatic cell and a zygote  c) a somatic cell and an egg cell
b) a zygote and a sperm cell  d) a sperm cell and a somatic cell
14) how many chromosomes will be in the body cell of an organism if there are 20 chromosomes in the organism’s egg?
a) 10  c) 40
b) 20  d) 80
15) during which process are polar bodies formed?
a) cleavage  c) male gamete formation
b) fission  d) female gamete formation
16) in the human female, the number of mature gametes produced from a primary sex cell is
a) 1  c) 3
b) 2  d) 4
17) which statement best describes chromosomes that contain genes for the same characteristics?
a) they are homologous.  c) they are present in a normal gamete.
b) they are linked  d) they occur in the same monoploid cell.
18) in which process is the pairing of homologous chromosomes followed by the disjunction of these chromosome pairs?
a) binary fission  c) budding
b) meiosis  d) fertilization
19) when compared with the number of gametes produced from a single human primary sex cell during oogenesis, the number of gametes produced from a single human primary sex cell during spermatogenesis is usually:
a) four times as great  c) twice as great
b) half as great  d) the same
20) during meiotic cell division, the process in which homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move apart is known as:
a) internal fertilization  c) regeneration
b) binary fission  d) disjunction

Accepted Answer

### Question 11
# Brief Explanations:
Crossing over occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes pair up, and segments are exchanged between non - sister chromatids. Gonads are organs that produce gametes, sperm are male gametes, and somatic cells are body cells (where crossing over does not occur in the context of sexual reproduction's genetic variation). So the correct answer is about chromatids.
# Answer:
a. chromatids

### Question 12
# Brief Explanations:
Sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two parents, leading to more genetic variation. Asexual reproduction produces more offspring (a is wrong), has a shorter development period in many cases (b is wrong), and asexual reproduction is better for maintaining desired characteristics (c is wrong). Sexual reproduction gives a greater chance of favorable variations.
# Answer:
d. a greater chance of favorable variations

### Question 13
# Brief Explanations:
Somatic cells are diploid, zygotes are formed by the fusion of sperm and egg (both haploid), so zygotes are diploid and have the same chromosome number as somatic cells. Sperm cells are haploid, egg cells are haploid, so b, c, d have different ploidy levels.
# Answer:
a. a somatic cell and a zygote

### Question 14
# Explanation:
## Step 1: Recall chromosome number in gametes and body cells
Egg cells are gametes, which are haploid. Body cells (somatic cells) are diploid, meaning they have twice the number of chromosomes as gametes.
## Step 2: Calculate the number of chromosomes in body cells
If the egg has 20 chromosomes (haploid, $n = 20$), then the body cell (diploid, $2n$) will have $2\times20=40$ chromosomes.
# Answer:
c. 40

### Question 15
# Brief Explanations:
Polar bodies are formed during oogenesis (female gamete formation). Cleavage is the division of the zygote, fission is a form of asexual reproduction, and male gamete formation (spermatogenesis) does not form polar bodies.
# Answer:
d. female gamete formation

### Question 16
# Brief Explanations:
In human female oogenesis, one primary oocyte undergoes meiosis to produce one mature ovum (gamete) and three polar bodies. So the number of mature gametes from one primary sex cell is 1.
# Answer:
a. 1

### Question 17
# Brief Explanations:
Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes that have the same genes (for the same characteristics) at the same loci, although the alleles may be different. Linked chromosomes are on the same chromosome, gametes are haploid (so they don't have homologous pairs), and monoploid cells have one set of chromosomes (no homologous pairs in the same sense as for diploid cells).
# Answer:
a. They are homologous.

### Question 18
# Brief Explanations:
Meiosis is the process where homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) during prophase I and then disjoin (separate) during anaphase I. Binary fission and budding are asexual reproduction processes, and fertilization is the fusion of gametes.
# Answer:
b. meiosis

### Question 19
# Brief Explanations:
In oogenesis, one primary oocyte produces 1 mature gamete (ovum) and 3 polar bodies. In spermatogenesis, one primary spermatocyte produces 4 mature sperm. So the number of gametes from a primary sex cell in spermatogenesis is four times that in oogenesis (since 4 vs 1).
# Answer:
a. four times as great

### Question 20
# Brief Explanations:
Disjunction is the process during meiosis (specifically anaphase I) where homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move apart. Internal fertilization is the union of gametes inside the body, binary fission is asexual reproduction, and regeneration is the regrowth of body parts.
# Answer:
d. disjunction

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