Question

the art of engraving
engraving evolved from a highly skilled craft to a major art form in the 1400s. engraving techniques such as line engraving, dry point, etching, mezzotint, aquatint, and sugar aquatint are among the established engraving methods. engravers use a sharp, wedged metal tool, a burin, to gouge the plate, or acid to burn in the lines and furrows. the metal plate is then used to make multiple prints of either an original artwork or a reproduction of another artist’s work. some of the earliest engravings were produced in germany in the 1300s. plaques were made by gouging lines into small plates of silver or gold and then filling the furrows with a dark substance. by the 1400s, the skill had developed into an art form capable of producing prints almost as detailed as oil paintings. at this time, a german artist, martin schongauer, created engraved original works notable for their contrasts and textures. he used deeply engraved lines in a variety of strokes, long and sinuous, short and sharp, and crosshatched, to produce realistic looking scenes and figures.
the passage begins with a term-and-definition organizational pattern and then shifts to a chronological organizational pattern.
how does this organizational shift affect the passage?

1. the shift disrupts the flow of information in the passage.
2. the shift makes it difficult for readers to see how engraving evolved.
3. the shift supports two different main ideas about the evolution of engraving.
4. the shift clarifies and builds upon information in the beginning of the passage.

Explanation:

1. Analyze Option 1: A well - structured shift from term - definition to chronological (showing evolution over time) should not disrupt flow. The passage first defines engraving and its techniques, then shows its evolution over time, so this is incorrect.
2. Analyze Option 2: The chronological pattern (with time - related details like 1300s, 1470s) actually helps show how engraving evolved, so this is incorrect.
3. Analyze Option 3: The passage has one main idea about the evolution of engraving from a craft to an art form. The two organizational patterns support this single main idea, not two different ones, so this is incorrect.
4. Analyze Option 4: The term - definition at the start introduces engraving and its techniques. The chronological pattern then builds on this by showing how engraving evolved over time (from 1300s to 1470s, and the work of Martin Schongauer), clarifying the evolution and adding more details to the initial introduction.

Answer:

1. The shift clarifies and builds upon information in the beginning of the passage.