Question

1.1.4 conclusion questions - use full sentences to answer full sentences! 1. research the composition of both compact and spongy bone and describe your findings in the space below. include the minerals and proteins that make up this tissue. compact bone spongy bone 2. what type of fibers or minerals do you find in the extracellular matrix of bone? how does this composition relate to the properties of bone? calcium phosphate -> hardness collagen fibers -> flexibility 3. look up and write down the definitions of the terms: a. tensile strength push/pull strength before something breaks b. compressional strength squish/compress strength before it breaks 4. what aspects of bone’s structure make it stronger than concrete? think about the engineering design of bone. use the terms tensile strength and compressional strength in your answer. 5. how do red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow differ in function? 6. explain how the structure of spongy bone helps reduce the overall weight of bone. 7. describe at least two ways bones protect the human body.

Explanation:

1. Compact bone is dense and composed of osteons. It contains minerals like calcium - phosphate and proteins such as collagen. Spongy bone is less dense, has a lattice - like structure called trabeculae, and also contains these minerals and proteins.
2. In the extracellular matrix of bone, calcium - phosphate minerals provide hardness and strength against compression, while collagen fibers give flexibility and tensile strength.
3. a. Tensile strength is the maximum pulling force a material can withstand before breaking. b. Compressional strength is the maximum compressive force a material can endure before failure.
4. Bone has a unique structure with a combination of high tensile and compressional strength. Its collagen fibers resist tension and the mineral matrix resists compression better than concrete due to its organic - inorganic composite nature.
5. Red bone marrow produces blood cells (hematopoiesis), while yellow bone marrow stores fat.
6. Spongy bone has a porous structure with large spaces between trabeculae, reducing its mass and thus the overall weight of the bone.
7. Bones protect internal organs (e.g., the skull protects the brain, the rib - cage protects the heart and lungs) and act as insertion points for muscles to anchor, protecting joints from excessive stress.

Answer:

1. Compact bone is dense with osteons, containing calcium - phosphate minerals and collagen proteins. Spongy bone is less dense, with trabeculae and also has these minerals and proteins.
2. Calcium - phosphate gives hardness and compression resistance, collagen fibers give flexibility and tensile strength.
3. a. Tensile strength: The maximum pulling force a material can withstand before breaking. b. Compressional strength: The maximum compressive force a material can endure before failure.
4. Bone's structure, with collagen for tension and mineral matrix for compression, makes it stronger than concrete due to its organic - inorganic composite nature.
5. Red bone marrow produces blood cells, yellow bone marrow stores fat.
6. Spongy bone's porous structure with large spaces between trabeculae reduces its weight.
7. Bones protect internal organs (skull - brain, rib - cage - heart/lungs) and act as muscle - attachment points to protect joints.