Question

describe the following: 1. oparin - hadane hypothesis: 2. miller - urey experiment:

Explanation:

1. Oparin - Haldane Hypothesis

The Oparin - Haldane hypothesis (also known as the Primordial Soup theory) proposes that life on Earth originated from non - living matter through a series of chemical reactions. In the early Earth's atmosphere (composed of gases like methane, ammonia, water vapor, and hydrogen, without free oxygen), energy sources such as lightning, UV radiation, and heat from volcanoes caused simple inorganic molecules to react and form simple organic compounds (like amino acids, sugars). These organic compounds accumulated in the oceans (the "primordial soup") and over time, through further reactions and aggregations, gave rise to more complex organic molecules and eventually the first living organisms.

The Miller - Urey experiment was designed to test the Oparin - Haldane hypothesis. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey created a laboratory apparatus that simulated the early Earth's conditions. The apparatus contained a mixture of gases (methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor) to represent the early atmosphere, a chamber for water to simulate the ocean, and electrodes to simulate lightning (as an energy source). After running the experiment for a week, they found that simple organic compounds, including amino acids (the building blocks of proteins), were formed from the inorganic starting materials. This experiment provided experimental evidence that the chemical evolution of organic compounds from inorganic substances, as proposed by the Oparin - Haldane hypothesis, was possible under early Earth - like conditions.

Answer:

The Oparin - Haldane hypothesis proposes that life originated from non - living matter. Early Earth's reducing atmosphere (with gases like $\ce{CH4}$, $\ce{NH3}$, $\ce{H2O}$ vapor, $\ce{H2}$) and energy sources (lightning, UV, heat) led to formation of simple organic compounds from inorganic molecules. These compounds accumulated in oceans ("primordial soup") and evolved into complex organic molecules and eventually life.

2. Miller - Urey Experiment