Question

during primary active transport, ______ powers the movement of solute across a membrane.

the proton motive force

sodium atoms or hydrogen atoms

an auxiliary protein

atp

Explanation:

Primary active transport directly uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to move solutes against their concentration gradient. The proton motive force is involved in some transport but not primary active transport's main energy source here. Sodium/hydrogen atoms don't power it, and an auxiliary protein isn't the energy source.

Answer:

D. ATP