Question

mutated dna sequence #2: t a c g a c c t t g g c g a c g a c t
what’s the mrna sequence?
(circle the change)
amino acid sequence?
is this a point mutation or a frameshift mutation?
is this mutation an example of insertion, deletion, or substitution?
predict how this mutation will affect the organism:
mutated dna sequence #3: t a c a c c t t g c g a c g a c t
what’s the mrna sequence?
(circle the change)
amino acid sequence?
is this a point mutation or a frameshift mutation?
is this mutation an example of insertion, deletion, or substitution?
predict how this mutation will affect the organism:

Explanation:

First, we need to assume a wild-type (original) DNA sequence for comparison, as it is not provided. A standard reference sequence for this type of exercise is:
Wild-Type DNA: $T\ A\ C\ G\ A\ C\ T\ T\ G\ G\ C\ G\ A\ C\ G\ A\ C\ T$

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For Mutated DNA Sequence #2: $T\ A\ C\ G\ A\ C\ C\ T\ T\ G\ G\ C\ G\ A\ C\ G\ A\ C\ T$

Step1: Transcribe DNA to mRNA

mRNA pairs: A↔U, T↔A, C↔G, G↔C.
mRNA: $A\ U\ G\ C\ U\ G\ G\ A\ A\ C\ C\ G\ C\ U\ G\ C\ U\ G\ A$

Step2: Identify DNA mutation

Compare to wild-type: 7th base changes from $T$ to $C$.
Change: $T
ightarrow C$ (circled)

Step3: Translate mRNA to amino acids

Use codon table:
AUG=Methionine, CUG=Leucine, GAA=Glutamic Acid, CCG=Proline, CUG=Leucine, CUG=Leucine, UGA=Stop
Amino acid sequence: Methionine - Leucine - Glutamic Acid - Proline - Leucine - Leucine (Stop)

Step4: Classify mutation type

Single base change = point mutation.
Base substitution (no frameshift) = substitution.

Step5: Predict organism impact

Only one amino acid changes (wild-type had TTG=Leucine, now GAA=Glutamic Acid). This may alter protein function slightly or have no effect, depending on the protein's role.

Step1: Transcribe DNA to mRNA

mRNA pairs: A↔U, T↔A, C↔G, G↔C.
mRNA: $A\ U\ G\ U\ G\ G\ A\ A\ C\ C\ G\ C\ U\ G\ C\ U\ G\ A$

Step2: Identify DNA mutation

Compare to wild-type: 4th base changes from $G$ to $A$.
Change: $G
ightarrow A$ (circled)

Step3: Translate mRNA to amino acids

Use codon table:
AUG=Methionine, UGG=Tryptophan, GAA=Glutamic Acid, CCG=Proline, CUG=Leucine, CUG=Leucine, UGA=Stop
Amino acid sequence: Methionine - Tryptophan - Glutamic Acid - Proline - Leucine - Leucine (Stop)

Step4: Classify mutation type

Single base change = point mutation.
Base substitution (no frameshift) = substitution.

Step5: Predict organism impact

Only one amino acid changes (wild-type had CUG=Leucine, now UGG=Tryptophan). This may alter protein structure/function if the amino acid is in a critical region, or have no effect.

Answer:

1. mRNA sequence: $AUG\ CUG\ GAA\ CCG\ CUG\ CUG\ A$
2. Circle the change: $T

ightarrow C$ (7th base in DNA)

1. Amino acid sequence: Methionine - Leucine - Glutamic Acid - Proline - Leucine - Leucine
2. Mutation type: Point mutation
3. Mutation category: Substitution
4. Organism impact: A single amino acid is changed; this may cause minor changes to protein function or no noticeable effect if the amino acid is in a non-critical region.

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For Mutated DNA Sequence #3: $T\ A\ C\ A\ C\ C\ T\ T\ G\ G\ C\ G\ A\ C\ G\ A\ C\ T$