Question

please read the associated packet and respond to the questions. if you do not have enough room to answer your questions, please answer them on a separate sheet of paper. astronomy 1. where did most of our information for astronomy come from for centuries? 2. what was an astrolabe? 3. what did muslim’s astronomers believe about the rotation of the earth? art 1. why did muslim art avoid pictures of humans? 2. what was arabesque art? 3. what was the purpose of using geometric shapes in islamic art? 4. despite the religious guidelines, paintings of human and animals can be found in islamic art. where would you find islamic art with animals and humans as subject matter? calligraphy 1. what does calligraphy mean? 2. why was calligraphy first used by muslims? 3. why were calligraphers placed above every other kind of artist? 4. words written in calligraphy in the islamic world are admired for their what? irrigation 1. why did muslims have to develop irrigation? 2. what was a water wheel? learning 1. what was the house of wisdom and when was it founded?

Explanation:

1. Astronomy - 1: For centuries, astronomical information mainly came from naked - eye observations of celestial bodies.
2. Astronomy - 2: An astrolabe is an ancient astronomical instrument used for measuring the altitude of celestial bodies, time - keeping, and navigation.
3. Astronomy - 3: Some Muslim astronomers believed in the rotation of the Earth long before it became widely accepted in the Western world. They made contributions to the understanding of celestial mechanics.
4. Art - 1: Muslim art avoided pictures of humans due to religious beliefs that prohibit idolatry and the creation of graven images.
5. Art - 2: Arabesque art is a form of Islamic art characterized by intricate, flowing, and repeating patterns, often using plant - based motifs.
6. Art - 3: Geometric shapes in Islamic art were used to represent the infinite nature of Allah and the universe, as well as for aesthetic and decorative purposes.
7. Art - 4: Islamic art with human and animal subjects can be found in private palaces, manuscripts, and some secular buildings where the religious restrictions were more lenient.
8. Calligraphy - 1: Calligraphy means the art of beautiful handwriting, especially with a pen or brush.
9. Calligraphy - 2: Muslims first used calligraphy to transcribe the Quran accurately, as it was seen as a sacred act to record the word of Allah.
10. Calligraphy - 3: Calligraphers were placed above other artists because calligraphy was used for religious texts, and the written word was highly revered in Islamic culture.
11. Calligraphy - 4: Words written in calligraphy in the Islamic world are admired for their beauty, precision, and spiritual significance.
12. Irrigation - 1: Muslims had to develop irrigation due to the arid and semi - arid climates in many Islamic regions to support agriculture.
13. Irrigation - 2: A water wheel is a machine for converting the energy of flowing or falling water into useful mechanical energy, often used for lifting water for irrigation.
14. Learning - 1: The House of Wisdom was a major intellectual center in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age, founded in the 8th - 9th centuries. It was a place for translation, research, and the preservation of knowledge from various civilizations.

Answer:

1. Astronomy - 1: Naked - eye observations.
2. Astronomy - 2: An ancient astronomical instrument for measuring celestial body altitude, time - keeping, and navigation.
3. Astronomy - 3: Some believed in the Earth's rotation.
4. Art - 1: Due to religious beliefs against idolatry.
5. Art - 2: A form of Islamic art with intricate, flowing, and repeating patterns.
6. Art - 3: To represent the infinite nature of Allah and the universe and for aesthetic purposes.
7. Art - 4: In private palaces, manuscripts, and some secular buildings.
8. Calligraphy - 1: The art of beautiful handwriting.
9. Calligraphy - 2: To transcribe the Quran accurately.
10. Calligraphy - 3: Because calligraphy was used for religious texts and the written word was highly revered.
11. Calligraphy - 4: Beauty, precision, and spiritual significance.
12. Irrigation - 1: To support agriculture in arid and semi - arid regions.
13. Irrigation - 2: A machine for converting water energy into mechanical energy for lifting water.
14. Learning - 1: A major intellectual center in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age, founded in the 8th - 9th centuries.